XIII. Napoleonic Europe

National Convention moderated France, created Directory in 1795 (oligarchy)
- Directory just as impotent (dysfunctional)
Gracchus Babeuf called for elimination of private property; executed in 1797
- Early communism
- Shows that executions and violence still existed
- This time in the name of moderation, not radicalism
Napoleon coop 1799
Concordat of 1801: Napoleon trying to play nice with church while still taking control
- Napoleon wanted moderation; enlightened
- Pope could depose bishops, but state appointed
- Napoleon more rational than Robespierre, pope agrees
- Confiscated church property was kept (to not anger radicals)
- Catholicism not state religion
Napoleon crowns himself emperor in 1804; war demands increased his power
- Bringing Age of Reason to Europe
- Protecting the revolution
Negatives of Napoleon
- Secret police
- Censorship
- Women lost right
Positives
- Civil code
- Equality
- Toleration
- Serfdom abolished
1801: Haitian independence
- First successful slave revolt in history

Confederation of the Rhine killed HRE; facilitated German unification
- 446 states → 30
Goal: destroy Britain via Continental System (ban against British trade within empire)
- Motivates newly conquered territories to incorporate Age ofn
Why did he fail?
- Britain survived and German nationalism
- Grand Alliance turns on Napoleon
Nationalist responses
- Student protests in German states
- Guerilla war in Spain
- Russians scorched earth
- British stirred “Spanish Ulcer”
Prussian Reforns: serfdom abolished, city councils, increased standing army
- New reforms actually strengthened Prussia, Prussians turn on Napoleon