Energy Regulation

## Chapter 7: Energy Balance Regulation

### Learning Objectives
- Understand appetite regulation.
- Explore weight regulation.
- Discuss weight bias and stigma.

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## Energy Regulation

### Key Concepts
- **Hunger**: Internal signals that motivate food acquisition and consumption.
- **Satiation**: The feeling of fullness during a meal that signals to stop eating.
- **Satiety**: The feeling of fullness after eating that influences the time until the next meal.

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## Mechanisms of Energy Regulation

### Short-Term Satiety Signals
- **Hunger peptides**:
- *Ghrelin*: Stimulates hunger.

- **Satiety peptides**:
- *CCK (Cholecystokinin)*
- *GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1)*
- *PYY (Peptide YY)*
- *Pancreatic Polypeptide*

- Interaction with hypothalamus or vagus nerve.
- Influencing factors: meal timing, meal size, and energy expenditure.

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### Long-Term Satiety Signals
- **Leptin**:
- Released by adipose tissue in proportion to fat volume.
- Binds to hypothalamus receptors, crucial in regulating body fat.
- Link to leptin resistance, common in obesity.

- **Insulin**:
- Secreted by the pancreas during the absorptive state.
- Decreases energy intake through hypothalamus interaction.

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## Additional Energy Regulation Mechanisms
### Food Reward
- Importance beyond hunger: desire for food influenced by visual, olfactory, and taste signals.

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## Obesity
### Causes of Obesity
- Complex interplay of diet, physical activity, genetics, social/cultural factors, and psychological influences.
- Measured via BMI (Body Mass Index):
-