Unit 7 AP human geo

African City Model: A model that shows the typical structure of African cities, which often have a central business district (CBD), a colonial city center, surrounded by a mix of ethnic neighborhoods and informal settlements.

Annexation: The process by which a city expands its boundaries by incorporating adjacent areas into its jurisdiction, typically to increase land, population, or tax base.

Bid-Rent Theory: A theory that explains how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases. Land closer to the CBD is more expensive.

Borchert's Epochs: A model that describes the evolution of American cities in five stages based on the transportation technology that dominated each period, including sail-wagon, iron-horse, steel-rail, auto-air-amenity, and high-technology epochs.

CBD (Central Business District): The commercial and business center of a city, typically characterized by high land values, tall buildings, and concentrated retail and office spaces.

Census Tract: A small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county or equivalent, designed to represent local population characteristics in the U.S. Census.

Central City: The core urban area of a city that is distinct from suburban areas, typically containing the CBD and a range of services, amenities, and housing types.

Christaller, Walter: A German geographer who developed the Central Place Theory, explaining the distribution and spacing of cities and towns in relation to the goods and services they provide.

Combined Statistical Area (CSA): A geographic area used by the U.S. Census Bureau to group related metropolitan and micropolitan areas, typically based on commuting patterns.

Concentric Zone Model: A model of urban land use developed by Ernest Burgess, which suggests that cities grow outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, each with different types of land use.

Commuter Zone: The outermost zone in the Concentric Zone Model, where people live in residential areas and commute to the city center for work.

Counter Urbanization: The process by which people move from urban areas to rural areas, often in search of a better quality of life, lower living costs, or less congestion.

Density Gradient: The change in population density as one moves from the center of an urban area to its outskirts, typically decreasing as distance from the city center increases.

Deindustrialization: The decline of manufacturing industries in a region or country, often accompanied by a shift toward service-based economies.

Economic Base: The set of economic activities that provide employment and income to a region, including the export activities that drive the local economy.

Edge City: A suburban area that has developed its own economic and social functions, such as office buildings, retail centers, and entertainment, outside the central city.

Ethnic Neighborhood: A residential area with a concentration of a particular ethnic group, often characterized by unique cultural practices, language, and businesses.

Favela: A term used in Brazil for informal, impoverished urban settlements, often characterized by substandard housing, lack of infrastructure, and high population density.

Forward Capital: A capital city that is moved to a new location, often for political, economic, or strategic reasons.

Filtering (Filter Process): A process where housing quality declines over time, often as wealthier residents move out and lower-income residents move in, resulting in a transition from higher-quality housing to substandard housing.

Gateway City: A city that serves as an entry point to a region or country for immigrants or goods, often characterized by high levels of trade and migration.

Galactic City: A modern city model that represents urban areas shaped by dispersed, decentralized growth, often influenced by suburbanization and edge cities.

Gentrification: The process in which wealthier individuals or groups move into a low-income neighborhood, leading to rising property values, displacement of original residents, and changes in the neighborhood's character.

Greenbelts: Areas of open land around a city where development is restricted, typically to preserve the environment, limit urban sprawl, or provide recreational space.

In-Filling: The development of vacant or underused land within an existing urban area, often to accommodate new housing or commercial structures.

Informal Settlement: A residential area where housing is not built according to official regulations or building codes, often found in developing countries and commonly referred to as slums or shantytowns.

Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., transportation systems, water supply, sewage, etc.) needed for the operation of a society.

Islamic City: A city model characterized by a central mosque, a market area, and narrow streets that prioritize pedestrian movement, often influenced by Islamic principles of urban planning.

Latin American City Model: A model of urban structure in Latin American cities, where the central business district (CBD) is surrounded by a zone of elite housing, with a peripheral zone containing squatter settlements and informal housing.

Megalopolis: A large, continuous urban region formed by the merging of multiple metropolitan areas, often with significant economic and cultural integration.

Megacity: A city with a population of over 10 million people, often characterized by rapid growth, high density, and significant challenges in infrastructure and governance.

Mixed-Use Development: A type of urban development that combines residential, commercial, and recreational spaces in a single project, promoting walkability and reducing the need for long commutes.

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA): A geographic region defined by the U.S. Census Bureau that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs, based on commuting patterns.

Micropolitan Statistical Area: A smaller urban area defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, typically with a population between 10,000 and 50,000, along with surrounding areas that are socially and economically integrated.

Multiple Nuclei Model: A model of urban land use developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, which suggests that cities grow in multiple centers or "nuclei," each with distinct land uses and functions.

New Urbanism: A planning and development approach that promotes walkable, mixed-use communities with a focus on sustainability, community engagement, and reduced dependence on automobiles.

Peripheral Model: A model of urban structure that describes the spread of cities into peripheral areas, characterized by edge cities, suburbanization, and decentralized growth.

Postindustrial City: A city that has transitioned from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy, often characterized by deindustrialization, a shift to high-tech industries, and an emphasis on finance, health care, and education.

Primate City: A city that is disproportionately larger and more influential than any other city in a country, often serving as the political, economic, and cultural center.

Public Housing: Government-subsidized housing that is provided to low-income individuals and families, typically managed by local or national governments.

Redlining: The practice of denying or limiting financial services (e.g., loans or insurance) to residents of certain neighborhoods, often based on racial or ethnic composition.

Squatter Settlement: An area where people build homes on land they do not own, often in informal, substandard conditions, typically found in developing countries.

Sector Model: A model of urban land use proposed by Homer Hoyt, which suggests that cities develop in sectors or wedges, with different land uses (e.g., industrial, residential) growing along transportation routes or environmental features.

Smart Growth: Urban planning policies that aim to promote sustainable development by controlling urban sprawl, conserving resources, and creating walkable, mixed-use communities.

Social Area Analysis: A method used to identify and analyze patterns of social characteristics, such as income, education, and ethnicity, within different neighborhoods of a city.

Suburb: A residential area located on the outskirts of a city, often characterized by lower population density, single-family homes, and reliance on automobiles for transportation.

Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, often emphasizing environmental conservation and resource management.

Sprawl: The uncontrolled, often low-density expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land, leading to increased traffic, loss of farmland, and environmental degradation.

Tenement: A run-down, often overcrowded apartment building, typically in an urban area, that lacks adequate infrastructure or sanitation.

Urban Renewal: The process of revitalizing or redeveloping urban areas, often by demolishing old, dilapidated buildings and replacing them with new structures, sometimes displacing low-income residents.

Urbanization: The process by which an increasing percentage of a population moves from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities.

Underclass: A segment of the population that experiences persistent poverty and social exclusion, often living in informal settlements or struggling to access basic services.

World City: A city that has significant global influence due to its economic, political, or cultural importance, often serving as a hub for international trade, finance, or diplomacy.

Zoning Ordinance: A legal regulation that controls land use in a municipality, specifying where different types of development (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial) can take place within the city or region.