Calvinism

• God’s word is the ultimate truth

• Every human life is predestined by God

• The Fall of Man enslaved men to a life of sin — only the Elected individuals are selected for salvation

• The rest of humankind should be ethical, even if they aren’t the chosen ones.

• Jesus only takes away the sins of the elected 

• Any person who is part of the elected are prevented from committing sin. 

Mayflower Compact 

• Nov 11, 1620

• 44/101 aboard Mayflower

• Intended for Virginia, landed in Massachusetts

• Some Strangers wanted to F the rules, Puritans made the Compact in response

• A social contract between Puritans to follow the community’s rules in order to survive

• 3 copies, original lost

• In the name of God… pledge allegience to King James… make a colony for religion and country…combine ourselves in one governing body… make just and equal laws … will be submissive… signed here…

God’s Promise to His Plantation - John Cotton

• God gives David hope after saying he can’t build temple

  • Gave him favors

  • Greater future

    • Appoint a place

      • Making a place for them

      • Planting them there

        • Free people

        • Permanent

        • peace

    • Build renowned house forever

    • Accept Soloman’s temple

    • God will be father to his sons

    • Throne of house forever

• Where?

  • Where He finds a good place

  • God helps them get there

  • Will make room for them

    • War vs Native

    • Favors foreigners - Abraham and Macpelah

    • Chosen’s job to fill the earth

• How to tell if you can go

  • Good reasons: Gain knowledge, trading, plant a colony, talents wasted at home, God’s Ordinances

  • If you want to avoid evil: Sins at home, to pay off debts, persecution

  • God says so

• God is a landlord; He is kind, suck up to him, and look in Ordinances for Him

• Thank God for making room

• What does “plant a colony” mean?

  • Metaphor- take root where soil is good, will grow tall and strong, will bear fruit, and won’t be uprooted

  • Promised Land

  • None can uproot what God’s planted

• Why have we been persecuted anyway? b/c we’re idiots who go against God despite being told not to

• Last instructions from Cotton

  • Bring Ordinances and listen to them

  • Remember home

  • Look after each other

  • Raise Puritan kids

  • Convert natives

• God will protect you

A Model of Christian Charity - John Winthrop

• Model: God has chosen some people to be rich and powerful and others to be submissive to them

• Reasons for this model:

1. The role of the leader is to make sure that his followers are following the words and commands of God. Additionally, God works through people to spread his glory, so the rich and powerful need to use their gifts & resources to help others

2. The rich and the poor should not fight with one another. God will make sure that the rich are loving, merciful, and gentle and the poor are patient, obedient, and faithful.

3. God designed human society so that everyone loves and relies on one another. This interdependence strengthens the bonds between the classes. Additionally, all wealth is God’s, so the rich need to use this wealth to bring glory to God’s name and serve others. Justice (fairness in dealings) and Mercy (compassion in responding to need) govern the relationship between the 2 classes; they can also overlap. 

• Law of Nature: love your neighbor as thyself

  • Golden Rule

  • Love your enemies

• Law of Grace: Everything you do should help to advance the glory of God’s kingdom.

  • What Abraham did to Lot.

• Law of Gospel: There are times where christians have to give and sell all of their possessions to the poor. To foster community and help those who are distressed, they need to use all of their ability to help them.

• Giving and Living 

  • Giving

    • Ordinary Times: give what God has blessed you with

    • Extraordinary times: give generously while making sure your family is sustained

      • Generosity during urgent times is righteous

      • Saving is acceptable when done responsibly (Joseph Storing Grain)

    • Wealth is temporary and will corrupt the heart, generosity should take precedence when others are in need

    • ex) The Tabernacle, the widow of Zarephath

  • Lending

    • Borrower has present means to pay you back: giving is guided by justice

    • If payment is probable: giving is an act of mercy, lend even if there is a risk of loss

    • If borrower lacks any means: prioritize giving over lending

    • Generosity should be cheerful and w/o regret, God will bless the giver

      • Showcases love for God

• In time of communal peril, we should:

  • Prioritize others over yourself, showing generosity

  • Share all possessions and help those in need

  • Nehemiah encouraged generosity during shared hardships

  • Bible supports mercy and will bless the generous while cursing the selfish

  • True mercy stems from love, if you love your neighbors and your enemies, you will show true kindness through your actions

• Role of Love: 

  • “Bond of perfection”

  • Christians are one body in christ, and everyone should share their burdens and their successes

  • Love unites members, fosters community, and motivates support and care

  • Genuine love is reciprocal and rewarding, producing joy and contentment in giving and receiving

  • Ex in bible: Jesus, Paul, David

• Cultivating Love:

  • God’s love is carried out throughout his followers

  • In the fall of man, humanity lost its natural love and replaces it with selfishness

  • Christ restores love and knits believers into one body

• Exercise of Love

  • Love is inward (affections) and outward (actions/acts of kindness)

  • Love recognizes likeness and fosters selflessness

  • Thrives on mutual support

• Application of the Discourse:

  • Persons: Christians are united by love, even across distances, reflecting the mutual affection of early Christians.

  • Work: The community aims for cohabitation under civil and ecclesiastical governance, prioritizing the public good over private interests.

  • End: To serve God, strengthen the Church, and protect future generations from worldly corruption.

  • Means: Commit to extraordinary actions and exceed the spiritual standards practiced in England, particularly in brotherly love and burden-sharing.

Cotton and Winthrop Group Study Questions

Video - America: The Story of Us, Episode 1: Rebels 

• Transcript

  • # tactiq.io free youtube transcript

  • # Early Settlers Fight For Freedom | America: The Story of Us (S1, E1) | Full Episode

  • # https://www.youtube.com/watch/q5O--KZ-0Ws

Adventurers sail across an ocean to start a new life.

• A nation is born which becomes the envy of the world.

• But in search of freedom, friends become foes,

• and these new Americans will wage a war against the world's

• greatest military power.

• We are pioneers and trailblazers.

• We fight for freedom.

•  We transform our dreams into the truth.

• Our struggles will become a nation.

• [eerie music]

•  Shiploads of businessmen and true believers

•  are crossing the Atlantic Ocean to create a new world.

•  May 1610, 120 years after Columbus,

•  it's still a perilous journey.

• One ship, the Deliverance, carries a cargo that

• will change America forever.

• More hands over here.

• NARRATOR: On board John Rolfe,

• a 24-year-old English farmer.

•  Give me a hand.

• NARRATOR: Ambitious, self-reliant, visionary,

• a born entrepreneur.

• What takes us six hours today by plane

• was then a voyage of more than two months.

• Seven of the early adventurers out of every 10

• will be dead within a year.

• But the risks are worth it.

• 00:01:50.543 North America is the ultimate land of opportunity.

• 00:02:05.424 A continent of vast, untapped wealth,

• 00:02:09.595 starting with the most valuable resource of all, land.

• 00:02:20.173 What will be home to more than 300 million

• 00:02:22.508 people lies under a blanket of forest

• 00:02:25.712 covering nearly half the land,more than 50 billion trees.

• 00:02:36.556 Further West, 9million square miles

• 00:02:39.358 of vast American wilderness.

• 00:02:43.028 60 million bisonroam the plains.

• 00:02:45.365 [ground trembling]

• 00:02:55.541 And underground, there are rumors of gems, silver,

• 00:03:02.648 the largest seams of gold in the world.

• 00:03:05.651 The settlers expect nothingless than El Dorado.

• 00:03:24.670 But what Rolfe finds at theEnglish settlement of Jamestown

• 00:03:28.874 is hell on Earth.

• 00:03:34.047 More than 500 settlers madethe journey before Rolfe.

• 00:03:37.716 Hello?

• 00:03:40.919 Hello?

• 00:03:41.887 NARRATOR: Barely 60 remain.

• 00:03:45.291 It's called the starving time.

• 00:03:48.895 [gunshot]

• 00:03:51.731 MAN 1 (VOICEOVER): Having fed on horses and other animals,

• 00:03:54.667 we ate boots, shoes, and anyother leather we came across.

• 00:04:01.240 NARRATOR: Three months before Rolfe arrives,

• 00:04:03.209 a man is burned at the stake for killing his pregnant wife

• 00:04:06.779 and planning to eat her.

• 00:04:12.852 The English arrive unprepared for this new world

• 00:04:16.789 and unwilling toperform manual labor.

• 00:04:20.625 Instead of livestock, they brought chemical tests for gold

• 00:04:25.364 that they never find.

• 00:04:30.102 And this is not their land.

• 00:04:36.241 They build Jamestown in the middle

• 00:04:37.943 of a Native American empire.

• 00:04:41.747 60 starving settlers among 20,000

• 00:04:44.984 of the Powhatan nation, armed with bows and arrows that

• 00:04:48.787 are up to nine times  faster to reload and fire

• 00:04:52.391 than an English musket.

• 00:04:56.295 They're soon enemies.

• 00:05:00.967 Only 1 in 10 of the original settlers is left.

• 00:05:08.274 John Rolfe didn't come to plunder and leave

• 00:05:10.743 like the others.

• 00:05:14.112 He's got his own plan.

• 00:05:18.084 There's money in tobacco, and England is addicted.

• 00:05:26.025 He's arrived with a supply of South American tobacco seeds.

• 00:05:29.562 But growing it is limited to the Spanish colonies.

• 00:05:35.334 The Spanish control the worldwide trade.

• 00:05:40.306 Selling tobacco seeds to foreigners

• 00:05:42.341 is punishable by death.

• 00:05:45.844 But John Rolfe has got his hands on some.

• 00:05:48.847 No one knows how.

• 00:05:51.650 And in the warm, humid climate and fertile soil

• 00:05:54.754 around the Chesapeake Bay, Rolfe's tobacco crop

• 00:05:58.057 flourishes.

• 00:06:00.593 The first large harvest produced by these seeds

• 00:06:03.629 is worth more than$1,000,000 in today's money.

• 00:06:07.066 [Trump] The great strength of America is our people.

• 00:06:10.202 If you want to know what is the defining strength of America,

• 00:06:12.672 it is our people, our immigrant tradition,

• 00:06:16.575 our bringing in cultures from all over the world.

• 00:06:20.245 I know what goes into making success.

• 00:06:22.782 And when somebody is really successful, it's rarely luck.

• 00:06:27.453 It's talent.

• 00:06:28.521 It's brainpower.

• 00:06:29.655 It's lots of other things.

• 00:06:32.425 NARRATOR: Rolfe marries the daughter of the King

• 00:06:34.193 of the Powhatan empire.

• 00:06:38.363 Her name becomes legend, Pocahontas.

• 00:06:43.335 In England, Rolfe makes her a celebrity when her face is put

• 00:06:46.605 on a portrait that sells all over London,

• 00:06:48.908 advertising life in the new world.

• 00:06:54.613 Shakespeare mentions the column.

• 00:06:56.615 England's rich invest money here.

• 00:06:58.884 All of London knows about this land of plenty.

• 00:07:07.093 Within two years, tobacco grows in every garden.

• 00:07:12.798 From a living hell, Jamestown is America's first boomtown.

• 00:07:22.307 Two years later, nearly more settlers

• 00:07:25.010 arrive, including 19 from West Africa, slaves.

• 00:07:36.021 But some go on to own their own land in Virginia.

• 00:07:42.160 12 years after the founding of Jamestown,

• 00:07:45.264 Africans were playing a shaping role in the creation

• 00:07:50.102 of the colonies.

• 00:07:51.570 That's pretty incredible.

• 00:07:54.340 NARRATOR: 30 years later, there are over 20,000 settlers

• 00:07:57.276 in Virginia.

• 00:08:00.779 America is founded on tobacco.

• 00:08:04.050 For the next century and a half,it's the continent's largest

• 00:08:07.019 export.

• 00:08:20.499 10 years after Rolfe arrives in Jamestown,

• 00:08:23.835 another group ofEnglish settlers

• 00:08:25.538 lands in North America.

• 00:08:34.980 They come ashore on a deserted beach 450 miles up the coast

• 00:08:39.485 from Jamestown and call the place Plymouth

• 00:08:43.621 after the Englishport they sailed from.

• 00:08:48.460 These are a different breed of settler,

• 00:08:51.130 a group of religious dissidents with faith

• 00:08:53.766 at the center of their lives.

• 00:08:58.703 They made the dangerous Atlantic crossing

• 00:09:00.772 seeking religious freedom in the new world.

• 00:09:07.980 24-year-old apprentice printer Edward Winslow

• 00:09:12.050 arrives with a group of religious sectarians

• 00:09:15.854 on a boat called the Mayflower.

• 00:09:20.693 By April 1621, their settlement is taking shape.

• 00:09:25.697 The Mayflower returns to England.

• 00:09:34.206 The pilgrims are on their own in an unknown land.

• 00:09:39.912 MAN 1 (VOICEOVER): A great hope and inward zeal

• 00:09:42.148 we had of laying some great foundation for the propagating

• 00:09:46.251 and advancing the gospe lof the Kingdom of Christ

• 00:09:49.555 in those remote parts of the world.

• 00:09:53.392 NARRATOR: They're 19 families, goats, chickens, pigs,

• 00:09:57.963 and dogs.

• 00:09:59.298 They have spinning wheels, chairs, books, guns, and no way

• 00:10:06.972 home.

• 00:10:08.307 If you create this environment as a land of opportunity,

• 00:10:11.877 then you're going to attract those type of people who want

• 00:10:16.916 to take that risk, whowant to take that gamble,

• 00:10:21.387 and who believe in a better life.

• 00:10:26.358 NARRATOR: They were heading for the Hudson River,

• 00:10:28.794 but they've landed 200 miles further North

• 00:10:32.364 at the beginning of winter.

• 00:10:36.735 They have arrived in the middle of a mini Ice Age, temperatures

• 00:10:40.673 two degrees colder than today.

• 00:10:46.045 Winters are longer, growing seasons shorter.

• 00:10:57.322 The soil is poor.

• 00:10:59.558 Little grows.

• 00:11:01.626 Food supplies run low.

• 00:11:06.665 In the first three months, more than half the pilgrims die.

• 00:11:14.106 William Bradford is the governor of a community soon

• 00:11:17.275 in desperate trouble.

• 00:11:19.845 MAN 2 (VOICEOVER): It pleased God to visit us with death

• 00:11:22.547 daily.

• 00:11:24.350 Disease was everywhere.

• 00:11:27.019 The living were scarcely able to bury the dead.

• 00:11:30.989 They died sometime stwo or three a day.

• 00:11:34.693 Of 100 and odd persons, scarce 50 remained.

• 00:11:41.433 NARRATOR: At times, only six are fit enough to continue building

• 00:11:44.903 their shelters.

• 00:11:49.274 Susanna White's husband dies that first winter.

• 00:11:55.381 Edward Winslow's wife perishes a month after.

• 00:12:00.686 Within weeks, White and Winslow marry.

• 00:12:05.123 They'll have five children.

• 00:12:08.793 Today more than 10% of all Americans

• 00:12:12.230 can trace their ancestry back to the Mayflower.

• 00:12:25.710 For a time, Plymouth provides the sanctuary they sought.

• 00:12:30.282 Edward!

• 00:12:32.384 Edward!

• 00:12:34.719 Edward, people!

• 00:12:35.687 Look over there!

• 00:12:38.991 NARRATOR: But like Jamestown,there were others here first.

• 00:12:56.375 April 1621, the pilgrims have been in the new world

• 00:13:00.646 for five months.

• 00:13:02.214 Barely half survived the first winter.

• 00:13:05.985 But they're not the first Europeans

• 00:13:07.886 to arrive on this coast.

• 00:13:11.690 Five years before, European ships

• 00:13:14.192 brought light skinned people and plague.

• 00:13:17.997 Almost 9 out of 10 of the local people are wiped out.

• 00:13:30.909 The Pokanoket people don't need enemies.

• 00:13:34.012 They make peace with the pilgrims.

• 00:13:37.249 They teach the English how to grow crops in sandy soil using

• 00:13:41.119 fish for fertilizer.

• 00:13:46.625 But they want something in return.

• 00:13:50.261 They have a common enemy, a rival tribe,

• 00:13:54.166 and the English have powerful weapons.

• 00:14:04.143 The pilgrims aren't soldiers,but in the new world,

• 00:14:07.279 they have to fight to survive.

• 00:14:14.052 On August 14, 1621, pilgrims and Pokanoket,

• 00:14:18.457 shoulder to shoulder, will launch a surprise attack

• 00:14:22.594 that will seal their future in this new land.

• 00:14:25.463 MAN 2 (VOICEOVER):It was resolved

• 00:14:27.199 to send 14 men, well armed, and to fall upon them in the night.

• 00:14:33.305 The captain gave charge that none pass out.

• 00:14:40.279 [cocks gun]

• 00:14:41.680 [intriguing music]

• 00:14:43.648 [gunshots]

• 00:14:51.523 [screams]

• 00:15:02.033 The rival tribe doesn't know what hit them.

• 00:15:07.206 Surrounded, they have no answer for English firepower.

• 00:15:12.611 Pokanoket and Pilgrims find common ground and a chance

• 00:15:16.982 to survive.

• 00:15:25.356 Two unlikely allies, a partnership

• 00:15:29.261 all too rare in North America.

• 00:15:33.866 MAN 2 (VOICEOVER): We havefound the Indians very faithful

• 00:15:36.735 in their covenant of peace with us.

• 00:15:39.404 They are people without any religion or knowledge

• 00:15:42.540 of any God, yet very trusty, quick of apprehension

• 00:15:48.513 bright-witted, and just.

• 00:15:53.185 NARRATOR: Their victory brings a period of peace to the colony.

• 00:15:56.454 Their friendship is celebrated in a feast, in time,

• 00:16:01.093 will become known as Thanksgiving.

• 00:16:04.496 One of the main themes in the founding of America

• 00:16:07.632 was a place to do business, a place to expand your horizons,

• 00:16:14.106 a place to live a life of your own,

• 00:16:17.008 practice your own religion.

• 00:16:18.576 Those are the basic themes that brought people to these shores

• 00:16:22.781 to colonize.

• 00:16:26.051 [upbeat music]

• 00:16:30.723 NARRATOR: It's the start of a period of prosperity

• 00:16:33.224 that will transform North America.

• 00:16:38.764 From Jamestown and Plymouth, their descendants

• 00:16:41.633 grow across the landscape, as more and more people cross

• 00:16:50.308 the Atlantic, thousands, tens of thousands,

• 00:16:54.546 people with differen tbackgrounds,

• 00:16:57.115 different reasons for being here.

• 00:17:03.087 America becomes the place for everybody

• 00:17:05.257 from everywhere, rolling the dice,

• 00:17:11.029 coming together to create 13 colonies.

• 00:17:15.200 From Jamestown, agriculture spreads across the South.

• 00:17:19.371 Dirt farms transform into sprawling plantations.

• 00:17:24.342 Irish, Germans, and Swedes push back the frontier. The Dutch bring commerce toa small island at the mouth of the Hudson River. In time, it will be named New York. The colonists are two inches taller and far healthier than those they left behind in Europe. The Puritans average eight children and they are twice as likely to survive to adulthood. They are 20% richer and pay only a quarter of the taxes of those in England. Many still think ofthemselves as British, but each generation growsfurther from its roots, nowhere more so than Boston.

Video - John Winthrop 

• Transcript: 

  • # tactiq.io free youtube transcript

  • # John Winthrop

  • # https://www.youtube.com/watch/cNqGhe2KHak

  • 00:00:00.680 Winthrop was a brilliant lawyer, and he becomes the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay

  • 00:00:07.519 Company.

  • 00:00:08.920 The company has a board of directors, the shareholders, who choose the governors and

  • 00:00:14.610 the deputies, those who are going to run this.

  • 00:00:16.500 Remember, this is a for-profit enterprise.

  • 00:00:18.760 These investors from England had put money into this hoping to get a return, some more

  • 00:00:23.789 interested in the return they would get than the souls of these Puritans who were leaving

  • 00:00:28.119 in order to save them.

  • 00:00:30.200 And Winthrop is aware that other colonies had had their charters revoked, the Virginia

  • 00:00:35.530 colony is the one most on his mind.

  • 00:00:37.260 So, he does a couple of things to limit the possibility of that happening.

  • 00:00:41.930 One, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company doesn't say where the annual meeting

  • 00:00:46.960 will take place.

  • 00:00:48.260 Usually a corporate charter says the annual meeting will happen every year in London,

  • 00:00:52.969 or in some other British city.

  • 00:00:55.160 This one leaves that blank, and also, Winthrop wants to make it difficult for the British

  • 00:01:00.829 Crown to get the charter back, so he takes it with him.

  • 00:01:04.849 The charter is on the Arbella, and when they get to the New World, Winthrop opens the first

  • 00:01:11.290 meeting of what becomes the general court,here.

  • 00:01:14.480 So, he opens this meeting, the shareholders who are present are allowed to come, but Winthrop

  • 00:01:21.180 also invites all the freemen, the men who are not indentured servants, to be part of

  • 00:01:26.299 this.

  • 00:01:27.299 And this becomes the governing body of thecolony.

  • 00:01:30.700 What had been a corporate charter becomes the charter of a political body, what Winthrop

  • 00:01:36.650 will call a commonwealth.

  • 00:01:39.150 This is a very important transition from thi scorporate charter, creating the Massachusetts

  • 00:01:44.230 Bay Company, into a charter creating the Massachusetts Bay Province or Commonwealth, and Winthrop

  • 00:01:52.100 isn't just the governor appointed by the board of directors, he is the governor elected by

  • 00:01:56.650 the freemen of this enterprise.

  • 00:01:59.100 So, it creates an expansive system, a very democratic system, with these adult men now

  • 00:02:07.710 participating in the political life of this colony.

  • 00:02:11.279 So with this first meeting of the general court you have the transition or transformation

  • 00:02:17.269 of this corporate charter into really the foundation of a government, a functioning

  • 00:02:23.650 government of the Massachusetts Bay Province.

  • 00:02:27.609 And it's because Winthrop sees a need to get all of these individuals who are part of this

  • 00:02:32.209 society to be participating in it.

  • 00:02:35.180 They have this creation of this political system out of this corporate system.

  • 00:02:41.129 And they also recognize that you can't have 1200 people all living in the same little

  • 00:02:45.449 place, so they spread out a little.

  • 00:02:49.439 One group goes up the Charles River to Watertown,another group is in Dorchester, in fact the

  • 00:02:54.799 Dorchester settlers arrived first in the summer of 1630.

  • 00:02:58.799 And then you have a group in Charlestown,you also have a group that goes over to the

  • 00:03:04.170 Shawmut Peninsula, and the each town is goingto have a town meeting, that is the adult

  • 00:03:09.480 men will meet in the meeting house to decide what the town should be doing.

  • 00:03:14.269 So, what happens here is the creation of a local self government in each of these towns,

  • 00:03:20.889 and they're held together because the ministers will meet together, and they'll meet together

  • 00:03:26.659 in a general court.

  • 00:03:27.849 They will choose deputies to a general court to decide on the overall course the province

  • 00:03:34.139 should take.

  • 00:03:35.510 In addition, you have this problem of surviving:how do you feed the colony?

  • 00:03:41.529 How would you keep these people from starving?

  • 00:03:44.909 They can trade with the native people who are still here, and the native people were

  • 00:03:49.620 able to plant corn and get fish and so on.

  • 00:03:53.459 The English also bring with them cattle, sheep,pigs, animals they're used to raising in England,

  • 00:04:00.819 and they're raising them for meat, for leather,for wool, and those who have come earlier

  • 00:04:07.749 have been able to sell their surplus to those who come a little later.

  • 00:04:11.810 Over the 1630s there is a steady migration from England because of the English Civil

  • 00:04:17.139 War that's happening, the Puritans in England against the royalists, and so more Puritans

  • 00:04:23.050 come in the 1630s and that means those that Thave arrived first are able to sell stuff

  • 00:04:28.520 to those who are coming a little bit later.

  • 00:04:31.389 In 1640, that migration ends because of theend of the English Civil War, the victory

  • 00:04:38.880 of the Puritans, and what happens then isthe Puritans have to look for other ways to

  • 00:04:43.939 survive.

  • 00:04:44.939 They become involved in fishing, gatheringcod fish off of the coast, building ships.

  • 00:04:51.240 Winthrop, in fact, in the early 1630s hadbuilt a vessel, the Blessing of the Bay, launched

  • 00:04:57.099 it on the Mystic River in the early 1630s.

  • 00:04:59.289 It was the first Massachusetts built ship,and they use the Blessing of the Bay to catch

  • 00:05:05.360 cod fish and then to trade in the West Indies.

  • 00:05:08.860 And so the salted cod fish that's producedhere off the coast of New England, that is

  • 00:05:13.610 caught off the coast, dried and salted hereon the coast of New England, is shipped to

  • 00:05:18.830 the West Indies to feed the slave labor force.

  • 00:05:21.800 The British also are involved in colonizingthe West Indies and raising sugar there, and

  • 00:05:28.371 it's the cod fish of New England that feedsslave labor force in the West Indies.

  • 00:05:34.270 Fishing becomes such an important industryin Massachusetts that sometime in the middle

  • 00:05:38.340 of the 18th century someone gives to the MassachusettsGeneral Court a wooden cod fish that's been

  • 00:05:44.360 hanging in the Massachusetts Assembly sincethe 1700s.

  • 00:05:48.400 It still is there today.

  • 00:05:49.789 When the Democrats control the legislature it points to their side, when the Republicans

  • 00:05:54.560 control the legislate it points to their side,but the cod fish is there.

  • 00:05:58.860 In fact, when we moved into the new statehouse in the 1790s someone carried this wooden codfish

  • 00:06:05.069 ahead of the procession leading up to the new statehouse.

  • 00:06:09.150 And of course on top of the Statehouse thereis a pine cone representing the pine forests

  • 00:06:14.319 because pine is what we make our ships outof, the ships are what make it possibly for

  • 00:06:19.819 the colony to not only survive, but prosper.

  • 00:06:22.639 So, you have the beginnings in the 1600s ofthis international commerce that is going

  • 00:06:29.319 to drive the economy of Massachusetts, andit's there because Winthrop is able to see

  • 00:06:36.349 the way the colony will survive is by adapting,by recognizing the circumstances that are

  • 00:06:42.789 possible.

  • 00:06:43.789 Coming over with a vision for this communityof the godly in the New World and seeing the

  • 00:06:49.590 reality here in the New World will allow somethings but not others, or will allow things

  • 00:06:55.129 different from what we first imagined.

  • 00:06:58.139 And it's really because of Winthrop's abilityto adapt and because of the ability of the

  • 00:07:02.770 Massachusetts colonists to adapt that thecolony does, despite all of the hardships

  • 00:07:08.470 and the turmoil of 17th century, survive andprosper.

Have You No Sense Of Decency 

• Mccarthy got famous in the 1950s for accusing tons of people for being communists

• Started an anticommunist campaign in 1953 that gained attention

• Gained new platform as chairman of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations

• Conducted hearings 

  • They were so short notice people stopped attending

  • Mccarthy and his chief counsel Roy Cohn ran it by themselves

• Began hiring staff without consulting other committee members

  • Caused three democrats to resign

• He was described as "judge, jury, prosecutor, castigator, and press agent, all in one."

• Stepped down as Chairman during the Army-Mccarthy hearings

• Mccarthy charged that one of Joseph Welch’s attorneys had ties to the Communists

• Welch responded with the famous words that ended Mccarthy’s career

  • "Until this moment, Senator, I think I never really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness…"Let us not assassinate this lad further, senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency?"

• Mccarthy’s popularity disappeared overnight

The Crucible - Arthur Miller

• https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/crucible/

• Honestly the Wikipedia summary is great: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crucible 

• Characters:

  • Abigail Williams

    • A bitch

    • Drama queen

    • I think she is a worse person than john proctor bc while he is a pedophile, she is a PICK ME GIRL AND KILLED LIKE 20 PPL just bc she slept with him and didn’t want to take responsibility. Like i get it shes traumatized, but like GIRL WTAF

    • 11 yrs old in real life

    • Young, manipulative, and self serving character

    • Niece of Reverend Parris

    • She wants to eliminate Elizabeth Proctor and steal her man for herself

    • Quotes

      • "I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! ... You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet!"

      • "Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you."

      • "She is blackening my name in the village! She is telling lies about me! She is a cold, sniveling woman, and you bend to her!"

      • “Why do you come, yellow bird?"

      • "I want to open myself! ... I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Goody Sibber with the Devil!"

  • John Proctor

    • Farmer

    • Man of integrity, values justice and honesty

    • Married to elizabeth proctor

    • Has an affair with abigail williams bc elizabeth was sick

    • Flawed yet noble figure, sacrifices his life to uphold the truth and preserve his sense of moral righteousness

    • Quotes

      • "I have given you my soul; leave me my name!"

      • "God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whore’s vengeance."

      • "We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!"

      • "I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is a fraud. I am not that man."

      • "Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life!"

  • Elizabeth Proctor

    • Strong principled woman who values integrity and truth

    • Struggles w/ insecurity and distrust in her cheating husband

    • Alive!! Bc she was pregnant, and then by the time her sentence rolled around the new governor pardoned everyone

    • Quotes

      • "It needs a cold wife to prompt lechery."

      • "He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him!"

      • "You were alone with her?"

      • “I do not judge you. The magistrate that sits in your heart judges you.”

• Judge Thomas Danforth

  • Man is COMMITTED to rooting out the witches

  • Super confident of his decisions, which makes him blind to the flawed logic behind the trials

  • Quotes: 

    • "We burn a hot fire here; it melts down all concealment."

    • “ We cannot look to superstition in this. The Devil is precise."

    • "We live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world."

    • "We are here, Your Honor, precisely to discover what no one has ever seen."

    • "We cannot blink it more. There is a prodigious fear of this court in the country."

    • "I cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime. It is not just."

    • "We must look to cause proportionate. Were there murder done, perhaps, and never brought to light?"

    • "Do you know who I am, Mister Nurse?"

    • "We burn a hot fire here; it melts down all concealment."

• Judge Hawthorne

  • The grumpy old man who hates everybody but actually has the power to ruin lives

  • Quotes:

    • "She’s rockin’ on the beam, sir!"

    • "I think they ought to be examined, sir."

    • "This is contempt, sir, contempt!"

• Reverend Hale

  • Act 1: Very excited about putting his expertise to use

  • Act 2: Interviews Elizabeth, is skeptical about the Proctors’ devotion. Cheever shows up with an arrest warrant for her and the other 2 women. Proctors say some things that make him conflicted (why don’t you ever doubt Abby, it was confession or death), but he still thinks it’s because of a great evil

  • Act 3: On Proctor and co’s side, wants Danforth to consider their story. Quits the court when Mary Warren accuses Proctor and Giles is arrested for contempt

  • Act 4: Returns to get people to confess and not die, tries to get Danforth to pardon everyone and forget about everything. Gets Elizabeth and Proctor some alone time

• Reverend Parris

  • Act 1: Interrogates Abby about what they were doing in the woods- thinks it’ll compromise his position. Doesn’t want any talk of witchcraft, but reluctantly admits he called Hale to investigate when interrogated by Putnams

  • Act 1: He heads down to meet the crowd. Betty screams during Psalms and everybody runs up (Giles, Putnams, Rebecca Nurse) Interogates Tituba

  • Act 3: Parris says the deposition brought by Giles, Francis, and John (attesting to Martha’s, Rebecca’s, and Elizabeth’s innocence) is illegal. Tends to disbelief and disregarding the depositions

  • Act 4: Abby took everything when she ran to England. he wants to postpone the hanging to get more confessions. 

  • Doesn’t like John Proctor- thinks he’s leading a revolution against him

• Herrick

  • Marshal, helped with the court and by Act 4 was depressed for arresting so many people. Turns to alcohol like a sane person with healthy coping mechanisms

• Mary Warren

  • Proctors’ maid, initially part of the scheme, but came out b/c she felt bad for Elizabeth. Tries to testify against Abby and the others.

  • Gifted Elizabeth a poppet with a needle left in it. Abby saw and pretended to be stuck by a needle.

  • When Danforth tells her to fake possession, she didn’t do it and Abby accuses her of being a witch. Mary Warren caves and says John Proctor made her do everything

• Thomas Putman & Ann Putnam

  • 7 kids died in a row, convinced it was witchcraft (or maybe they just wanted land b/c it’d get put up for auction). Sarah Osborne was midwife of her dead children (she dies). Ruth is possessed.

• Giles Corey

  • Tortured (pressed) to death in order to maintain dignity

  • Super old man (estimated to be around 80)

  • Didn’t want to give up his land to parris and the others so he chose to die.

• Martha Corey

  • Accused of reading books. Giles Corey mentioned it to Hale in Act 1, but never meant to accuse her and regretted it 

  • Executed

• Mercy Lewis

• Tituba

  • Barbados slave

  • Helped Abby and co do witchcraft in the woods. Abby accused her of forcing them into it and she sold out Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good to save her skin

Salem Witch Trials Video

• Salem was founded around 1626

• The people of Salem Town disliked each other and the town

• Ministers kept leaving because they weren’t getting enough pay

• Eventually Reverend Parris became head of the Church

• Increase Mather: puritan minister

  • Argued against spectral evidence and believed that innocent people shouldn’t be hung

  • His published work helped end the trials

• Cotton Mather: puritan clergyman and author

  • Wrote a letter to caution people against spectral evidence

• The Court of Oyer and Terminer (to hear and determine)

• Spectral Evidence: the girls claimed to see spirits and witchcraft

• Betty and Abigail start accusing people of witchcraft

  • Started with Tituba, Sarah Good and Goody Osburn

• Bridget Bishop was hung for wearing black and being weird

• Giles Corey pressed to death without saying anything

• 19 people hung and 5 died in prison

• William Phips called an end to it when he became governor 

Sarah Vowell NPR Audio

• Most people are too lazy to read thru dense Puritan text, Vowell finds the juicy bits for us. 

• They were very bookish and intelligent 

• A Model of Christian Charity: inspirational, given at a time no one was sure they’d make it; the idea that they were one body and prosper and suffer together, they are special, people are watching and will see us fail

  • American exceptionalism

• Community was seen in 9/11 in NY

• The “city on a hill” in Winthrop’s sermon is used differently in politics like Reagan’s era

• Puritans were afraid of failure, we’ve lost that fear

• Anne Hutchinson

  • “Christian Charity” was given before any actual government. Winthrop ended up realizing some non-conformists had to be clipped 

  • Hutchinson had a good life, but she started delivering sermons at home and questioning conventional practice. She was tried and almost got away with it, but she got carried away with her own beliefs and was exiled. 

• Roger Williams

  • Wanted to separate church and state b/c he thought state-sanctioned violence and stuff would muddy up religion

  • Thinks that it doesn’t matter what other people believe in, they will realize they were wrong in the afterlife

• Native influence

  • Williams is taken in by the Narragansett after his exile and writes an English-Alonquian dictionary

  • Narragansett were very kind and nice, a bit like Winthrop’s “one body” community, just w/o Christianity

• Econ, profit, wealth

  • Winthrop believed that there were rich and poor people set by God, but also believed in humility and not showing it off. Got into fights with his deputy, who liked to show off

  • Puritans are like any other people- some are more profit-orientated and others aren’t

  • Later on, the economy prospers because of trade and fishing 

• “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” style teaching or not?

  • Not exactly- Jonathan Edwards and co were more passionate and touchy-feely, Puritans were more disciplined, stricter about rules, and gave out harsher punishments

• Natives

  • Violence is justified, if they died, God didn’t want them to live