Untitled Flashcards Set

1. What is the Octet rule?

When bonding occurs, atoms tend to reach an electron arrangement with eight electrons in the outermost energy level. 

2. What is an ion?

An ion is a charged atom or group of atoms.

3. What is a transition metal?

A transition metal is one that forms at least one ion with a partially filled d sublevel.

(coloured compounds, variable valency and used as catalysts)

4. What is an ionic bond?

An ionic bond is the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a compound.

5. What is a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons

6. What is sigma bonding?

Head-on overlap of two orbitals

7. What is pi bonding?

Sideways overlap of p orbitals

8. What is electronegativity?

Relative attraction that an atom in a molecule has for a shared pair of electrons in covalent bond.

9. What are intermolecular and intramolecular forces?

Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules (Van der Waals, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding)

Intramolecular forces are forces within the molecule (pure covalent bonding, weak covalent and strong covalent bonding)

10. What are Van der Waals forces?

Weak attractive forces between molecules resulting from the formation of temporary dipoles.

11. What are dipole-dipole forces?

forces of attraction between the negative pole of one molecule and the positive pole of another.

12. What is hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bonds are particular types of dipole- dipole attractions between molecules in which hydrogen atoms are bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.

13. Explain why the boiling point of water (H₂O) is much higher than that of methane (CH₄) 

The bonds within methane are weak polar bonds. Between the molecules, dipole-dipole bonding exists but again, it is weak. BUT, in water, it has strong polar covalent bonds within the molecule and there are hydrogen bonds between molecules of water. These are hard to break and means the boiling point of water is higher.