B

Chapter 6 Health and Wellness Flashcards

Healthy People 2030

  • Evidence-based, 10-year national objectives for promoting health and preventing disease.

  • Healthy People 2030 promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives.

  • Identifies leading health indicators, which are high-priority health issues in the United States.

Definition of Health

  • A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1947, 2024). ext{Health} = ext{a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being}

  • A state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality, and lifestyle.

Models of Health and Illness

  • Models help explain complex concepts or ideas, such as health and illness.

  • Health beliefs:

    • A person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness.

    • Can be based on reality or false expectations, facts or misinformation, good or bad experiences.

    • Can influence health positively or negatively.

Health Belief Model

  • Core components:

    • Perceived susceptibility to disease X.

    • Perceived seriousness (severity) of disease X.

    • Modifying factors:

    • Demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, race, ethnicity).

    • Sociopsychological variables (e.g., personality, social class, peer and reference group pressure).

    • Perceived benefits of preventive action minus perceived barriers to preventive action.

    • Perceived threat of disease X.

    • Likelihood of taking recommended preventive health action.

    • Cues to action:

    • Mass media campaigns.

    • Advice from others.

    • Reminder postcard from physician or dentist.

    • Illness of a family member or friend.

    • Newspaper or magazine article.

  • Outcome: Likelihood of taking the preventive action.

  • Data source: Becker, M., & Maiman, L. (Data from Sociobehavioral determinants of compliance with health and medical care recommendations, Med Care 13[1]:10, 1975). ext{Source: Becker  Maiman (1975)}

  • Note: This model highlights how beliefs about susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and triggers influence health actions.

Health Belief Model – Conceptual Equation (illustrative)

  • Likelihood of action: L = f(T, B, b, C, M) where

    • T = perceived threat (susceptibility × severity),

    • B = perceived benefits,

    • b = perceived barriers,

    • C = cues to action,

    • M = modifying factors.

Health Promotion Model

  • Focus: How individuals pursue health-promoting behaviors within their environment.

  • Core components:

    • INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPERIENCES.

    • BEHAVIOR-SPECIFIC COGNITIONS AND AFFECT.

    • Perceived benefits of action.

    • Perceived barriers to action.

    • Perceived self-efficacy.

    • Immediate competing demands (low control) and preferences (high control).

    • Activity-related affect.

  • Other determinants:

    • Personal factors: biological, psychological, sociocultural.

    • Interpersonal influences: family, peers, providers; norms, support, models.

    • Situational influences: options, demand characteristics, aesthetics.

    • Commitment to a plan of action.

  • Outcome: Health-promoting behavior.

  • Redrawn with acknowledgment to Maslow and contributors:

    • Redrawn from Maslow AH, Frager RD (Editor), Fadiman J (Editor): Motivation and personality, 3rd edition (1987). Reprinted with permission of Ann Kaplan. ext{Copyright ©2026 by Elsevier, Inc.}

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs; Holistic Health Strategies

  • Maslows Hierarchy of Needs:

    • Physiological needs

    • Safety needs

    • Love and belonging needs

    • Esteem needs

    • Self-actualization

  • Holistic Health Strategies consider emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects of wellness.

Maslow Case: Prioritizing Care (Knowledge Check)

  • Question: A nurse uses Maslows hierarchy to prioritize care for an anxious patient who is not eating and will not see family. Which area should be addressed first?

  • Answer (based on hierarchy): Physiological needs (Not eating) should be addressed first, before psychosocial needs like mental health or family interactions.

Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices

  • Internal variables:

    • Developmental stage.

    • Intellectual background.

    • Perception of functioning.

    • Emotional factors.

    • Spiritual factors.

  • External variables:

    • Family role and practices.

    • Social determinants of health.

    • Culture.

Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention

  • Health promotion: Helps individuals maintain or enhance their present health.

  • Health education: Helps people develop a greater understanding of their health and how to better manage health risks.

  • Illness prevention: Protects people from actual or potential threats to health.

Three Levels of Prevention

  • Primary prevention: True prevention that reduces the incidence of disease.

  • Secondary prevention: Focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness, or infection once it occurs.

  • Tertiary prevention: Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible.

Colonoscopy Example (Knowledge Check)

  • A nurse preparing a client for a colonoscopy with a family history of colon cancer: Which type of prevention is demonstrated?

  • Answer: Secondary prevention (screening/detection).

Risk Factors

  • Definition: Any attribute, quality, environmental situation, or trait that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident.

  • Risk factors include:

    • Nonmodifiable risk factors.

    • Modifiable risk factors.

    • Environment.

Modifiable Risk Factors (Sample from the exercise)

  • Select all modifiable factors:

    • A) Weight ✅

    • B) Family History ❌ (nonmodifiable)

    • C) Alcohol consumption ✅

    • D) Diet ✅

    • E) Sedentary lifestyle ✅

Risk Factor Identification and Changing Health Behaviors

  • Steps:

    • Identify risk factors.

    • Assess using health risk appraisal forms.

    • Implement education and counseling.

    • Promote wellness strategies.

  • Understanding the stages of change:

    • Transtheoretical Model of Change.

Transtheoretical Model of Change

  • Stage 1: Precontemplation — Not intent.

  • Stage 2: Contemplation — Considering change.

  • Stage 3: Preparation — Making small changes.

  • Stage 4: Action — Actively engaged to change.

  • Stage 5: Maintenance — Sustained change.

Ordered Steps (Illustrative Example)

  • Place the steps in order (example of applying the Transtheoretical Model):
    1) Becomes angry when healthcare provider tells him to increase activity and lose 30 pounds.
    2) The individual recognizes he is out of shape when daughter asks him to walk after school.
    3) Visits a local running store to purchase running shoes and advice on walking plan.
    4) The individual walks 2-3 miles per day.
    5) Eight months after beginning walking participates in a 5K.

  • Knowledge Check (order shown in the source): the above sequence represents the progression through stages of change from initial ambivalence to maintenance.

Illness

  • Illness: A state in which a persons physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired.

  • Acute illness: Short duration and severe.

  • Chronic illness: Lasts longer than 6\text{ months} and affects functioning.

Illness

  • Illness behavior: How people monitor their bodies and define and interpret their symptoms.

  • Variables influencing illness and illness behavior:

    • Internal variables.

    • External variables.

Illness Impact on Patient and Family

  • Behavioral and emotional changes.

  • Impact on body image.

  • Impact on self-concept.

  • Impact on family roles.

  • Impact on family dynamics.

Caring for Yourself

  • Eat a nutritious diet.

  • Get adequate sleep.

  • Engage in exercise and relaxation activities.

  • Establish a good work-family balance.

  • Engage in regular nonwork activities.

  • Develop coping skills.

  • Allow personal time for grieving.

  • Focus on spiritual health.

  • Find a mentor.

Trevor Case Study (Clinical Application)

  • Trevor is a nursing student who works as a medical assistant (MA) three times weekly while in nursing school.

  • Has 6 years of MA experience; started nursing school to expand career options.

  • Keeps MA job for hands-on experience and income offset for school.

  • Today the clinic hosts a “Love Your Child” health drive, providing wellness examinations and immunizations for children.

  • Case context centers on immunizations at the immunization station for children.

Immunizations: Prevention Concepts (Knowledge Check)

  • Immunizations are an example of ____ and ____ prevention.

  • Suggested answer (based on typical nursing education):

    • Primary prevention and health promotion/public health impact (including population protection; e.g., herd immunity).

Maslow and Immunization (Knowledge Check)

  • Question: Receiving an immunization is included in which hierarchy of need according to Maslow?

  • Answer: Safety and security (B). Immunization reduces risk of illness, contributing to personal safety and security.