Present Tense (Präsens)
Introduction
The present tense has the following use cases:
Actions happening right now
Same as the present continuous in English.
Example: Ich lese ein Buch. (I’m reading a book.)
Regular habits or repeated actions
Same as the present in English
Example: Er geht jeden Tag zur Arbeit. (He goes to work every day.)
Facts and general truths
Same as the present in English.
Example: Wasser kocht bei 100 Grad. (Water boils at 100 degrees.)
Actions in the near future
Colloquial form for talking about the future.
A mention of the time is needed to convey the idea of doing the action in the future.
Example: Morgens gehe ich ins Kino. (Tomorrow I’m going to the cinema.)
Regular verbs
Regular verbs—like machen (to make), spielen (to play), hören (to hear), fragen (to ask), kaufen (to buy), etc.—the conjugate as follows:
ich ___-e
du ___-st
er/sie/es ___-t
wir ___-en
ihr ___-t
sie/Sie ___-en
Example: ich frage, du fragst, er/sie/es fragt, wir fragen, ihr fragt, sie/Sie fragen.
Irregular verbs
On the other hand, irregular verbs deviate from the regular conjugation. The following list shows the most common and useful irregular verbs.
Fully irregular
sein (to be): bin, bist, ist, sind, seid, sind
haben (to have): habe, hast, hat, haben, habt, hat
werden (to become): werde, wirst, wird, werden, werdet, werden
Vowel change in 2nd and 3rd singular
fahren (to drive/go): a becomes ä (e.g. er färt)
schlafen (to sleep): a becomes ä (e.g. sie schläft)
geben (to give): e becomes i (e.g. du gibst)
essen (to eat): e becomes i (e.g. sie isst)
nehmen (to take): eh becomes im (e.g. es nimmst)
lesen (to read): e becomes ie (e.g. du liest)
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are “helper verbs” that allow us to change the meaning of another verb, like—for example—can, must or want in English.
Rule: The modal verb is always conjugated and takes the 2nd position (see Main Cluases note), while the main verb stays in the infinitive at the end.
Conjugation and use
The following list shows the conjugation and use of the most common and used modal verbs.
können
Means can
kann, kannst, kann, können, wönnt, können
Example: Ich kann Deutsch sprechen. (I can speak German.)
müssen
Means must
muss, musst, muss, müssen, müsst, müssen
Example: Du musst die Orange esssen. (You must eat the orange.)
wollen
Means want
will, willst, will, wollen, wollt, wollen
Example: Ich will das Hund sehen. (I want to see the dog.)
dürfen
Means may/to be allowed to
darf, darfst, darf, dürfen, dürft, dürfen
Example: Heute darf ich länger schlafen. (Today I’m allowed to sleep longer.)
sollen
Means should/supposed to
soll, sollst, soll, sollen, sollt, sollen
Example: Du sollst mehr Wasser trinken. (You should drink more water.)
mögen
Means to like
mag, magst, mag, mögen, mögt, mögen
Example: Ich mag Schokolade. (I like chocolate.)
möchte
Means would like
Can be treated as a modal verb, but it’s actually the Konjunctiv II of mögen.
möchte, möchtest, möchte, möchten, möchtet, möchten
Example: Ich möchte einen Kaffee, bitte. (I’d like a coffee, please.)