AP World Unit 5 Review

5.1 The Enlightenment

Explain what it means to say that philosophers reshaped the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason – Enlightenment thinkers promoted secularism, logic, and reason over tradition and religious authority in political and social life.

Describe the new political ideas about the individual – Emphasis on personal liberty, freedom of thought, and equality before the law.

Describe the new political ideas about natural rights – The idea that people are born with rights (life, liberty, property) that governments must protect.

Describe the new political ideas about the social contract – The belief that governments derive authority from the consent of the governed, and if they violate natural rights, the people can revolt.

Describe how the Enlightenment led to one particular revolution – The American Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideas of liberty, natural rights, and representative government.

Describe how the Enlightenment led to one particular reform movement – The abolitionist movement was inspired by Enlightenment ideals of human equality and reason, leading to the push to end slavery.

5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900

What is a nation-state and what is an example of a new nation state – A country defined by a shared culture and history; Example: Italy (unified in 1861)

What is 19th century liberalism and how is it related to monarchist rule? – Belief in free markets, constitutional government, and civil rights; it opposed absolute monarchy and supported political reform.

Describe one illustrative example listed under the “call for national unification or liberation” – The unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck using nationalism and military power.

What document is this excerpted from? – The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (French Revolution)

Highlight 5 words that show the influence of Enlightenment ideas – Liberty, rights, equality, law, sovereignty

5.3 The Industrial Revolution (IR) Begins

List 3 factors which contributed to the IR – Access to coal and iron, population growth, and capital investment

Pick ONE factor and explain how it would contribute to the growth of the IR – Access to coal allowed for energy to power steam engines, increasing industrial productivity

The development of the factory system – concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree in the division of labor

5.4 The Industrial Revolution Spreads in the Period 1750 to 1900

As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the – United States, Russia, and Japan

5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

What fossil fuels increased the energy available to human societies? – Coal and oil

What 2 engines used these fossil fuels? – Steam engine and internal combustion engine

What 3 things made development and communication possible in interior regions? – Railroads, steamships, telegraphs

And what did that lead to? – Increased migration, trade, and economic integration

What did the 2nd IR lead to? – Mass production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery

When? – Late 19th to early 20th centuries

5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role 1750–1900

Where was the government more active in encouraging industrialization?
Great Britain or Japan? – Japan
Great Britain or Russia? – Russia

Describe one reform undertaken by the Meiji government to promote industrialization – Abolished feudalism and built railroads, factories, and a modern banking system

What was the effect of this reform for Japan regionally? – Japan emerged as an industrial and military power in Asia

5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age

Explain why Adam Smith’s theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets led to the abandonment of mercantilist policies – Smith argued that free markets and limited government intervention created more wealth and efficiency than government-controlled trade

What are consumer goods? – Products bought for personal use like clothing, food, and tools

What was the effect of industrial capitalism on consumer goods? – Made them cheaper and more widely available due to mass production

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750–1900

Describe one example of a government program created in response to social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism – Germany’s social welfare programs under Bismarck, like health insurance and pensions

What did workers do to improve working conditions? – Formed labor unions, went on strikes, and demanded reforms

Identify 3 key ideas of Marx’s communism – Class struggle, abolition of private property, proletarian revolution

Define socialism – Economic system where production is owned and regulated by the community or state to reduce inequality

Describe either the Ottoman OR the Qing response to the expansion of industrializing states. – The Ottomans attempted reforms like the Tanzimat, but faced internal resistance and limited success

Define capitalism – Economic system based on private ownership and free markets

5.9 Society and the Industrial Age

What new classes developed? – Working class (proletariat) and middle class (bourgeoisie)

What would be a typical job for someone in each of the new classes? – Working class: factory worker; Middle class: manager or office worker

How did the IR impact working class and middle class women differently? – Working-class women often worked in factories under poor conditions; middle-class women were expected to manage the home and conform to domestic ideals

List 3 challenges created by the rapid urbanization of this era – Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and rise of slums

Revolutions

American Revolution – Cause – British taxation without representation and Enlightenment ideals of liberty and natural rights

American Revolution – Reasoning – Colonists believed they had the right to self-govern and reject unjust rule

American Revolution – Effects – Independence from Britain, creation of a republic with Enlightenment-inspired constitution, inspired other revolutions

French Revolution – Cause – Social inequality, financial crisis, unfair taxation, and spread of Enlightenment ideas

French Revolution – Reasoning – Commoners demanded rights, representation, and the end of absolute monarchy

French Revolution – Effects – Abolished monarchy, rise of nationalism, Declaration of the Rights of Man, inspired Haitian and Latin American revolutions

Haitian Revolution – Cause – Brutal slavery, French colonial control, and influence of French Revolution

Haitian Revolution – Reasoning – Enslaved Africans, led by Toussaint Louverture, demanded freedom and equality

Haitian Revolution – Effects – First successful slave revolt, independence in 1804, inspired global abolitionist movements

Latin American Revolutions – Cause – Social hierarchy (peninsulares vs. creoles), Enlightenment ideas, and Napoleon’s invasion of Spain

Latin American Revolutions – Reasoning – Creoles wanted political power and independence from colonial rule

Latin American Revolutions – Effects – Independence of many Latin American nations (e.g., Mexico, Gran Colombia, Brazil), but many continued elite rule

German & Italian Unification – Cause – Nationalist movements and desire for unified nation-states

German & Italian Unification – Reasoning – People with shared culture and language wanted political unity

German & Italian Unification – Effects – Germany unified under Bismarck (1871), Italy under Cavour/Garibaldi; shift in balance of European power

Summary Themes
Shared Causes – Enlightenment, oppression, inequality, colonialism
Common Effects – Rise of nationalism, creation of new states, spread of democratic ideals
Key Idea – These revolutions challenged absolutism and colonial rule, aiming to create governments based on popular sovereignty and natural rights