Unit 2 Review Flashcards

Culture, comics, history, policies influence demographic patterns and migration.

Arithmetic Density: Total number of people divided by total land area (square miles).
Physiological Density: Number of people per unit of arable land, revealing agricultural pressure.
Agricultural Density: Farmers per unit of arable land; higher density indicates subsistence-based agriculture.
- Example: The USA has a low agricultural density compared to peripheral countries, which have a higher agricultural density.

Stage 1: No country is currently classified in this stage.
Stage 2: Characterized by a triangular shape, high child dependency ratio, high birth rates, and low life expectancy—common in peripheral countries with high natural increase rates (NIR).
Stage 3: Resembles a Hershey kiss or raindrop shape, indicative of a declining Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and moderate NIR.
Stage 4: House-shaped pyramid displaying low birth and death rates, zero NIR, high life expectancy characteristic of core countries with high consumption rates and female empowerment, often urbanized, with low agricultural density.
Stage 5: Upside-down shape due to negative NIR, low TFR (e.g., Japan), high elderly dependency ratios requiring planning for retirement homes and potentially pro-natalist policies.

The ratio of dependents (0-14 and 65+) to the working-age population (15-64). A high youth dependency ratio is indicative of Stage 2 populations.
- Goal Ratio: Aiming for approximately 50% in the working age group for economic balance.

The proportion of males to females in a population, with significant social and cultural implications.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children a woman will have; a TFR of 2.1 indicates no growth.
Crude Death Rate (CDR): Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): High in Less Developed Countries (LDCs), crucial for understanding health outcomes.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): Equivalent to NIR; derived from the difference between CBR and CDR, providing an accurate growth measurement.
Doubling Time: The period it takes for a population to double, often decreasing with increased education and female empowerment.

Malthusian Theory: Describes a J-curve where population grows exponentially while food growth is linear, leading to potential famine and resource shortages.
- Criticism: Advances in technology and agriculture (e.g., GMOs) have challenged this theory.
Neo-Malthusian: Voices concerns regarding sustainable resource use, supporting the idea that Earth can only sustain a certain population level.

Pronatalist Policies: Encourage higher birth rates (e.g., incentives for families).
Antinatalist Policies: Discourage birth rates (e.g., China's one-child policy).
Immigration policies significantly influence population distribution and demographic changes.

Women are central to driving population growth trends; empowering women can reduce fertility rates.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration: Outline who is most likely to migrate and the factors influencing migration decisions.
Consequences of Aging Population: Tax base diminishes, healthcare needs increase, and voting patterns may shift.
Types of Migration:
- Emigration: Movement out of a country.
- Immigration: Movement into a country.
Push and Pull Factors:
- Push Factors: Conditions that drive people away (e.g., war, famine).
- Pull Factors: Conditions that attract migrants (e.g., job opportunities).
Intervening Opportunities: Events that cause migrants to pause or change their migration path.