15-Conditions_for_the_Meiji_Restoration

Introduction to the Meiji Restoration

• The Meiji Restoration occurred in 1868, marking the transition from the Edo period to the Meiji period (1868-1912).

• It was a significant era that transformed Japan, leading to modernization and becoming a global superpower.

Context of Japan and the Impact of America

• Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival in Japan in 1853 marked Japan's first encounter with the United States.

• America's expansion from original 13 states to territories across the Pacific, including Alaska and Hawaii, signified its growing influence towards Asia.

• The question of whether the U.S. aimed to colonize Japan is raised, though historical developments favored negotiation over colonization due to America's internal struggles (Civil War).

Conditions Before the Meiji Restoration

• Unease and Discontent

  • Economic troubles and extreme poverty, especially in rural areas, created unrest.

  • Rise of new religious movements, reflecting societal dissatisfaction, such as Kurozumi-kyō and Tenrikyō.

  • Kurozumi-kyō emphasized worship of the divine symbol of the rising sun, a core part of Japan's identity.

  • Tenrikyō focused on salvation and community joy, appealing to a growing audience in Japan.

• Cultural Indicators of Change

  • Hokusai's artwork "The Great Wave off Kanagawa" symbolizes the impending transformation and outside attention towards Japan.

  • This artwork showcases Japan's relationship with the world, as it depicts Mount Fuji viewed offshore, portraying a broader perspective.

Timeline of Key Events Leading to Meiji Restoration

• Edo Period (1600-1853)

  • Controlled trade and isolationism dominated this era.

• 1853: Perry's black ships forced Japan to open up for negotiations with the West.

• 1854: Japan signed the treaty, beginning foreign influences and influx of westerners.

• 1867: Death of Emperor Komei and ascension of the young Emperor Meiji.

• 1868: The Meiji Restoration took place, restoring imperial power and ushering in modern reforms.

Key Changes Under the Meiji Era

• Japan's Dual Approach

  • Focusing on maintaining national pride while adopting modernization practices from the West.

  • Development of technologies such as railroads, telegraphs, and shipbuilding, which doubled each decade.

• The Charter Oath (1868)

  • Five guiding principles outlined:

    1. Establishment of deliberation assemblies for public discussion.

    2. Inclusion of all social classes in governance.

    3. Freedom for individuals to pursue their own callings.

    4. Abolishment of past evil customs.

    5. Emphasizing learning from global knowledge.

Religious Changes During the Meiji Era

• State Shinto

  • Shinto was established as the state religion in 1868, intertwining with national identity and imperial power.

  • Initially faced opposition and suppression of Buddhism, later moderated under the Daikyoin ministry to foster unity among teachings.

• Buddhism's Reformation

  • During this period, Buddhism began to internationalize and adapt to societal changes, allowing monks to marry and engage community life.

  • Missions spread Buddhism to other countries, emphasizing global connections.

• Emerging Christianity

  • Initially prohibited until 1873, missionaries focused on education and healthcare, gaining positive sentiment from the Japanese people.

  • The influence of Christianity grew, especially among the samurai who sought new paths after losing their status during the Meiji reforms.

Societal Transformation

• A rapid push in industrialization and modernization elevated Japan's status globally.

• New social systems and educational opportunities arose, reshaping Japan from a feudal society towards a modern state.

Conclusion

• The Meiji Restoration catalyzed significant societal changes in Japan, laying the foundation for its role in global affairs, leading to complex interactions with foreign powers and eventual participation in World War I.

• The blend of nationalism, modernization, and religious evolution will be crucial to understanding Japan's trajectory in the following decades.