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1. Phonemes  

- Definition: Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in spoken language. They combine to form words and distinguish one word from another (e.g., the sounds /b/, /a/, /t/ in "bat").  

- Example: The word "cat" has three phonemes: /k/, /æ/, and /t/.

2. Graphemes  

- Definition: Graphemes are the written symbols (letters or groups of letters) that represent phonemes in written language.  

- Example: The phoneme /k/ is represented by the graphemes "c" in "cat" or "k" in "kite."

3. Phonics  

- Definition: Phonics is a method of teaching reading by connecting phonemes (sounds) to their corresponding graphemes (letters). It helps readers decode written words.  

- Example: Learning that the letter "c" corresponds to the /k/ sound in words like "cat" and "cap."

4. Phonemic Awareness  

- Definition: Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. It is an essential pre-reading skill.  

- Example: Identifying the initial sound of the word "dog" (/d/) or segmenting the sounds in "cat" (/k/, /æ/, /t/).

5. Habituation  

- Definition: Habituation refers to the process by which a learner becomes accustomed to certain stimuli or patterns, often leading to decreased attention or responsiveness over time.  

- Example: A child becoming less responsive to the sound of a familiar ringtone as they get used to it.

6. Underextension  

- Definition: Underextension occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly, applying it to fewer objects than it actually refers to.  

- Example: A child might call only their dog “dog,” not recognizing that other dogs also fit the same category.

7. Telegraphic Speech  

- Definition: Telegraphic speech is a stage in language development where children use short, simple sentences that consist of just the key words needed to convey meaning, omitting function words.  

- Example: A toddler saying "go park" instead of "I want to go to the park."

8. Diphthong  

- Definition: A diphthong is a complex vowel sound that begins with one vowel sound and glides into another within the same syllable.  

- Example: The vowel sound in "coin" (/oi/) is a diphthong because it glides from the /ɔ/ to the /ɪ/ sound.

9. Morpheme Division  

- Definition: Morpheme division refers to breaking down words into their smallest meaningful parts (morphemes), which can be roots, prefixes, or suffixes.  

- Example: "Unhappiness" can be divided into "un-" (prefix), "happy" (root), and "-ness" (suffix).

10. Phonic Construction  

- Definition: Phonic construction is about combining individual sounds to form words, an essential skill for early readers.  

- Example: Combining the sounds /k/, /æ/, and /t/ to form the word "cat."

11. Phonemic Segmentation  

- Definition: Phonemic segmentation is the process of breaking a word down into its individual sounds or phonemes.  

- Example: "Cat" can be segmented into the phonemes /k/, /æ/, and /t/.

12. Syllabication  

- Definition: Syllabication is the process of dividing a word into its syllables, the units of sound that make up a word.  

- Example: The word "happy" can be divided into two syllables: "hap" and "py."

13. Reading Phases  

- Pre-Alphabetic Phase: In this phase, young readers recognize words by their visual features without understanding letter-sound relationships.  

- Early Alphabetic Phase: Readers begin to understand that letters correspond to sounds (phonemes), and they start using this knowledge to decode words.  

- Late Alphabetic Phase: Students develop a more complete understanding of letter-sound correspondences and begin reading more fluently with less reliance on decoding.  

- Orthographic Phase: Readers recognize whole words by sight and can decode unfamiliar words based on patterns and rules of written language.

14. Semantics  

- Definition: Semantics is the study of meaning in language, focusing on how words, phrases, and sentences are interpreted.  

- Example: Understanding that the word "bat" can mean a flying mammal or a piece of sports equipment depending on context.

15. Types of Reading Comprehension  

- Literal Comprehension: Understanding the explicit meaning of the text, such as recalling facts or details directly stated.  

- Critical Comprehension: Analyzing and evaluating the text, such as determining the author’s purpose or identifying biases.  

- Metacognition: Being aware of and regulating one's thinking during reading to monitor understanding and adjust strategies as needed.

16. Word Analysis Skills  

- Definition: Word analysis involves using knowledge of phonics, syllabication, and morphemes to understand and decode new words.  

- Example: Breaking down the word "untouchable" into "un-" (prefix), "touch" (root), and "-able" (suffix) to determine its meaning.

17. Decoding  

- Definition: Decoding is the process of translating written words into their spoken equivalents by using knowledge of phonics and word structure.  

- Example: Breaking down the word "stop" into /s/ /t/ /o/ /p/ to pronounce it correctly.

18. Alphabetic Principle  

- Definition: The alphabetic principle is the understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken language.  

- Example: Understanding that the letter "m" corresponds to the /m/ sound, as in "man."

19. Reading Fluency  

- Definition: Fluency is the ability to read text smoothly and accurately, with appropriate speed and expression, allowing the reader to focus on comprehension.  

- Example: A fluent reader reads "The cat sat on the mat" with the correct speed, pauses, and expression to convey meaning.

20. Word Families  

- Definition: Word families are groups of words that have a common feature or pattern, often sharing the same ending.  

- Example: Words like "cat," "bat," and "hat" are part of the "-at" word family.

21. Structural Analysis  

- Definition: Structural analysis is the ability to break down words into smaller meaningful parts such as prefixes, roots, and suffixes to understand their meaning.  

- Example: Understanding the word "replay" by recognizing "re-" (again) and "play" (the root word).

- Foundational skills: Basic skills needed to learn more complicated things later. 

- Phonemic awareness: Knowing that words are made of small sounds.

- Phonics: Understanding how letters and sounds go together.

- Reading fluency: Reading smoothly and easily with understanding.

Literature and texts

- Grapheme: The letters or groups of letters that represent a sound.

- Syllable: A single unit of sound in a word, often a beat or chunk.

- Phoneme: The smallest sound in a word.

- Morpheme: The smallest part of a word that has meaning.

- Onset: The first part of a syllable before the vowel.

- Rime: The part of a syllable that includes the vowel and any sounds after it.

Certainly! Here are some common literary devices explained in simple terms, along with examples:

1. Simile:

   - Definition: A comparison using "like" or "as."

   - Example: "Her smile was as bright as the sun."

2. Metaphor:

   - Definition: A direct comparison saying something is something else.

   - Example: "Time is a thief."

3. Personification:

   - Definition: Giving human traits to non-human things.

   - Example: "The wind whispered through the trees."

4. Alliteration:

   - Definition: The repetition of the same beginning sounds in a series of words.

   - Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

5. Onomatopoeia:

   - Definition: Words that sound like the noise they describe.

   - Example: "The bees buzzed."

6. Hyperbole:

   - Definition: An exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally.

   - Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."

7. Imagery:

   - Definition: Descriptive language that creates a picture in your mind.

   - Example: "The golden sunset cast a warm glow over the rippling waves."

8. Symbolism:

   - Definition: Using an object or action to represent something deeper.

   - Example: "A dove often symbolizes peace."

9. Irony:

   - Definition: Saying one thing but meaning the opposite, often humorously or sarcastically.

   - Example: "A fire station burns down."

10. Allusion:

    - Definition: A reference to a well-known person, place, event, or work of art.

    - Example: "He was a real Romeo with the ladies."

Sure, here are the basic parts of speech explained simply:

1. Noun:

   - Definition: A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

   - Examples: Cat, school, happiness.

2. Verb:

   - Definition: A word that shows an action or a state of being.

   - Examples: Run, think, is.

3. Adjective:

   - Definition: A word that describes a noun.

   - Examples: Blue, quick, tall.

4. Adverb:

   - Definition: A word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Often ends in -ly.

   - Examples: Quickly, very, well.

5. Pronoun:

   - Definition: A word that takes the place of a noun.

   - Examples: He, she, it, they.

6. Preposition:

   - Definition: A word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence.

   - Examples: In, on, at, by.

7. Conjunction:

   - Definition: A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses.

   - Examples: And, but, or.

8. Interjection:

   - Definition: A word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or surprise.

   - Examples: Wow, ouch, hey.