trimester 2 topics

The area on the retina where light rays converge.

Fovea centralis

lacks rods and cones; specific place where the neurons meet and exit the eye

Optic disk

layer of the eye where photoreceptors are located

retina

the hard covering outer layer of the eye

sclera

layer of the eye where the blood supply is located

choroid

the structure which sound waves enter the ear

Tympanic membrane

ear air pressure is equalized with this structure

Eustachian tube

the membrane that receives the sound message from the middle ear

Tympanic membrane

also known as "ear wax"

cerumen

the membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear

Tympanic membrane

the specific structure of the ear that sends neuron impulses to the nerve that exits the ear

cochlea

The structure that is responsible for sending messages to the brain regarding equilibrium

Semicircular canals

The three ossicles

Malleus, incus, stapes

All of the following are considered part of the peripheral nervous system

All nervous system except brain and spinal cord

This part of the nervous system is concerned with involuntary muscles 

autonomic

This part of the nervous system is concerned with voluntary muscle

somatic

This part of the nervous system is concerned with fight or flight responses

sympathetic

This part of the nervous system is concerned with rest and relax actions

parasympathetic

These nerve fibers are involved with sensory input

afferent

These nerve fibers are involved with somatic reflex arcs

efferent

These nerve fibers are involved with internal organ functioning

visceral

These nerve fibers are involved with sending messages to muscles in response to a stimulus

efferent

What role does the brain play in the reflex arc

none

The contractile unit of a muscle fiber is the

sarcomere

What factors contribute to muscle fatigue?

Lactic acid, lack of oxygen, tired

What is the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers?

Slow twitch- aerobic and long term

Fast twitch- anaerobic and short term

The taking in of food is called

ingestion

The elimination of solid waste by way of the anus is called

defecation

The breaking down of food into smaller molecules is called

digestion

Microvilli are important in this process

absorption

The crushing of food by teeth or peristalsis in order to break down food into smaller pieces is called

Mechanical digestion

All of the following are considered accessory organs of the digestive system

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

This accessory organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions

pancreas

This accessory organ stores bile

gallbladder

This accessory organ plays a role in detoxification of substances

liver

This accessory organ produces bile

liver

passageway for enzymes to leave the pancreas

Pancreatic duct

passageway that empties into the duodenum

Pyloric sphincter

connects the liver with the common bile duct

Hepatic duct

connects the gall bladder with the common bile duct

Cystic duct

The first part of the small intestine

duodenum

Microscopic projections through which absorption of nutrients takes place

microvilli

where food is mixed with gastric juices

stomach

site of bacterial decomposition of food residue

stomach

the appendix is attached to this structure

colon

The majority of biological molecule absorption occurs in the

Small intestine

the oral cavity connects to the

esophagus

Water reabsorption takes place here

colon

This layer of the stomach is meant to prevent damage due to acids

mucosal

These cells are responsible for peristalsis

Smooth muscle cells

These structures are responsible for allowing the stomach to expand in size

rugae

Which chemical is responsible for the breakdown of proteins?

trypsin

Which chemical is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates?

amylase

Which chemicals are responsible for the breakdown of fats

lipase

What happens to the pH when food travels into the stomach

increases

What happens to the pH when food travels into the small intestine?

increases

Major functions of the cardiovascular system

transports oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body, remove waste products like carbon dioxide, regulate body temperature, and deliver hormones and other important substances to organs and tissues

Location of the heart in the human body

Between lungs, anterior portion of chest

What is the pericardial sac

Protective fluid filled sac around the heart

Pulmonary arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Heart valves 

Prevent backwash of blood to different chambers in the heart

These vessels are responsible for bringing blood towards the heart

Arteries

These vessels are responsible for bringing blood away from the heart.

Veins

These vessels are responsible for gas exchange and exchange of nutrients and wastes to and from the cell

capillaries

These vessels contain valves

veins

Blood is classified as this tissue type

connective

Which of the following are responsible for blood clotting

platelets

cytokines

Small proteins that control the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells

These are charged atoms the are important in pH balance and nerve functions

electrolytes

Blood clotting includes what

Platelets, fibrin, and clotting factors

The creation of formed elements for the blood is called

Hematopoiesis 

What is the term that describes the identity markers on cell membranes

antigens

Which is created to bind to antigens

antibodies

Which hormone is released when decreased levels of oxygen are sensed

Erythropoietin 

Where is hemoglobin located

Red blood cells

Which form of hemoglobin can bind to oxygen

oxyhemoglobin

What is the role of the epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the trachea

Functions of the nasal cavities

Filter the air you breathe and house the receptors responsible for your sense of smell

What holds the trachea open

Cartilage rings

this structure is located between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes

Pleural cavity

this structure is the region where the lungs are located

Thoracic cavity

this membrane lines the thoracic cavity

Pleura

this membrane lines the external surface of each lung

Visceral pleura

Which muscle groups are responsible for breathing?

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

In which phase of mechanical respiration is energy used

Inspiration

In which phase of mechanical respiration air pushed out of the lungs

Expiration

The surface area of the nasal cavity is increased by the structures called

Nasal conchae 

Gas exchange occurs between this in the alveoli

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

The alveoli are located at the ends of these structures

bronchi

This part of the ear is responsible for conducting sound waves through solids (mechanically)

Middle ear

This afferent cranial nerve is responsible for sending neural information about sound to the brain.

Vestibulocochlear nerve

The labyrinth is located where

Inner ear

This lines the inner surface of the eyelids

conjunctiva

Tears are made by the

Lacrimal glands

Fluid flows through the eye and is discharged through the

Scleral venous sinus

These photoreceptor cells are responsible for sensing color

cones

The majority of these photoreceptors are found near the fovea centralis

cones

attaches to the ciliary body

Suspensory ligaments

clear membrane covering the opening of the eye

conjunctiva

jellylike substance in the posterior chamber of the eye

Vitreous humor

Hyperopia occurs because

The eyeball is too short 

These photoreceptor cells are activated in dark environments

rods

These photoreceptor cells are responsible for peripheral vision

rods

Tubes that drain the kidneys.

ureters

Tube that drains the urinary bladder

Urethra 

Part of the kidney that contains the collecting ducts

Renal pelvis

Functional unit of the kidney

The nephron 

Capillary tuft within the renal corpuscle

The glomerulus 

Tube receiving urine from several nephrons

Collecting duct 

Thin fibrous covering of the kidney

The renal capsule 

Conical tissue between renal pyramids

Renal column

Cuplike structure enveloping a glomerulus

Bowman's capsule

Haploid male gametes

sperm

Haploid female gametes

Ova/ Egg cells

What is meant by the term “haploid”

A cell containing a single set of chromosomes 

Male copulatory organ

The penis

Male gonad

testis

Sheath of skin over the glans penis

Foreskin or prepuce 

Carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

Vas deferens 

Tube from urinary bladder to prostate gland

The urethra

Slender tube containing sperm forming cells

Seminiferous tubule 

Site of sperm storage

The epididymis 

Female copulatory organ

The vagina

Muscular wall of the uterus

myometrium

Narrow neck of the uterus

cervix

Female gonads

ovary

Source of ovum

ovaries

Duct carrying oocyte toward uterus

Fallopian tubes

Inner lining of the uterus

endometrium

Mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory glands

Semen 

Testes are located in a sac called the

scrotum

Fertilization usually occurs in the upper third of the 

Fallopian tubes

This hormone stimulates the formation of sperm

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Testosterone is produced in this organ

testis

Progesterone is produced in this organ

ovaries

Estrogen is produced in this organ

ovaries

Luteinizing hormone is present when

before ovulation occurs

The corpus luteum is

A gland in the ovary that produces hormones that prepare the uterus for pregnancy

The role of follicle stimulating hormone

It triggers the growth of eggs in the ovaries and gets the eggs ready for ovulation

Follicle stimulating hormone is released from this structure

The pituitary gland

The endometrium is

Innermost lining if the uterus 

This hormone stimulates the formation of the endometrium

estrogen

What are the three layers of the uterus

the endometrium, the myometrium, and the perimetrium

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

The follicular phase and the luteal phase

Luteal phase?

Happens in the second part of your menstrual cycle and prepares your uterus for pregnancy by thickening your uterine lining

Follicular phase?

Matures the follicle preparing it to release an egg during ovulation. Rises estrogen levels. 

Definition of “ovulation”?

Discharge of ova or eggs from the ovary

Definition of “graafian follicle”

a mature fluid-filled cavity present inside the ovary which contains the female gamete/ovum

What is human chorionic gonadotropin and its role in maintaining pregnancy?

Stimulates the production of

progesterone

- Produced in the placenta and thickens the uterine lining to support the future embryo   `

What is the role of gonadotropin releasing hormones and from where is it released?

Makes sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone) cause the pituitary gland (in the brain) to make and secrete the luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

What is luteinizing hormone and it’s role in the reproductive cycle?

Egg maturation and and provides

hormonal trigger to cased

ovulation which leads to the

release of eggs from ovary

What two hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum?  What are their roles?

Progesterone and estrogen 

What is the “corpus luteum”

A mass of cells that forms in an ovary