2.4.0 - Polarity

Introduction

• ^^Polarity^^ - “The distribution of electrical charge over the atoms connected by the bond” (x)
• The difference in electronegativity between elements in a molecule determines whether the overall molecule is polar or nonpolar.'
• Difference in electronegativity causes partial positive (𝛿+) and negative charges (𝛿-).
• A molecule with two of the same element will always result in a nonpolar bond (i.e, they are not polar opposites in terms of their ability to attract electrons)
• Polarity of molecule affected by structure - existence of lone pairs will affect shape and polarity.

Shape & Polarity

• Shape determines the distribution of the partial charges within the molecules.
• ^^Dipole^^ - molecule where the ends have opposing charges.
• Polar if:   * $Distinctive regions of charges$   * $Non-symmetrical shapes (frequently)$
• Non-polar if:   * $No distinctive regions of charges$   * $Symmetrical shapes (frequently)$

Determining Polarity of a Molecule

• Assign partial charges (electronegativity) to all atoms within the molecule, based on the “flow of electrons'“   * e.g in barium fluoride (BF3), fluorine, the most electronegative element, will have a partial charge of (𝛿-) as the negatively charged electrons from barium will ‘drift’ towards it. Barium will have a partial charge of 𝛿+.
• Determine whether each bond is polar or non polar. If the molecule has no polar bonds or it is symmetrical, it is nonpolar.

Electronegativity to determine Polarity

• Electronegativity used to determine polarity of a molecule.
• The greater the difference between electronegativity values, the $more polar it is.$