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Chapter 14 Ap euro Colombian exachange

Chapter 14: Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800

Focus Questions (Page 2)

  • Motives for European Expansion

    • Why did Europeans begin voyages of discovery?

  • Overseas Empires

    • How did Portugal and Spain acquire their empires, and how did they differ?

  • Impact of New Rivals

    • Effects of the Dutch, British, and French on Africa, Southeast Asia, India, China, and Japan.

  • African Slave Trade

    • Main features and effects on Africa.

  • Mercantilism

    • Definition and relationship to colonial empires.

On the Brink of a New World (Page 4)

  • Motives for Expansion

    • Desire for fantastic lands and economic gain.

    • Religious zeal to spread Christianity.

  • Means for Expansion

    • Advances in maps, ships, and navigational aids (compass, astrolabe).

New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires (Page 7)

  • Portuguese Maritime Empire

    • Key figures: Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama.

    • Establishment of commercial-military bases in India.

  • Spanish Empire

    • Christopher Columbus's voyages and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494).

The Spanish Empire in the New World (Pages 17-20)

  • Conquistadors' Role

    • Motivated by "God, Glory, and Gold."

  • Civilizations Conquered

    • The Maya and Aztec empires.

    • Spanish conquests led by Hernan Cortés and Francisco Pizarro.

  • Administration

    • Establishment of urban cities and the encomienda system.

Africa: The Slave Trade (Pages 25-26)

  • Origins and Growth

    • Driven by demand for cane sugar and plantations.

    • Triangular trade led to the transportation of up to 10 million African slaves.

  • Effects on Africa

    • Increased warfare and economic decline due to the slave trade.

The West in Southeast Asia (Page 29)

  • European Rivalries

    • Portugal's limitations and the rise of Dutch and English power.

    • Importance of the Spice Islands.

China & Japan (Pages 35-36)

  • China

    • Ming and Qing dynasties faced European pressures.

  • Japan

    • Initial openness to trade followed by expulsion of missionaries and merchants.

The Americas (Pages 39-42)

  • Colonial Developments

    • British and French sugar plantations in the West Indies.

    • Establishment of Jamestown and Quebec.

  • Economic Impact

    • Sugar became a valuable commodity, replacing honey.

The Impact of European Expansion (Pages 44-45)

  • Effects on the Conquered

    • Devastating impacts on local populations in the Americas and Africa.

    • Creation of multiracial societies in Latin America.

  • Effects on the Conquerors

    • Economic benefits from gold and silver.

    • Introduction of new plants and animals (Columbian Exchange).

Toward a World Economy (Pages 49-50)

  • Economic Changes

    • Growth of commercial capitalism and joint-stock companies.

    • Mercantilism as a driving economic theory.

Chapter Timeline (Page 51)

  • Key events from 1450 to 1800, including major explorations and conquests.

Discussion Questions (Page 52)

  • Why were Western European nations well-positioned for exploration?

  • How did the Spanish defeat the Aztecs?

  • What drove the slave trade?

  • How did the British achieve dominance in Asia?

  • What were the impacts of colonization on the colonized?

  • What economic changes occurred in Europe due to mercantilism and capitalism?