Classical architecture encompasses both Greek and Roman styles.
Both styles share political and structural continuity, linked to their imperial political systems.
Roman architecture transformed Greek architecture, with a predominant influence today being Roman interpretations.
Greek and Roman Political Systems
The political structure was characterized by a sovereign state leading a league of states, similar in both Greek and Roman contexts.
Examples include the Delian League and League of Macedon in Greek times, and Roman alliances transitioning from Republic to Empire.
Key Transformations in Architectural Style
Frontal and Axial Planning
Roman temples favor frontal views and axial alignments for dramatic impact.
Example: Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC maintains a three-quarters profile, illustrating a Greek influence with a Doric style but not typical of Roman architecture.
Site Manipulation
Romans preferred to modify landscapes, creating level platforms and incorporating vaulting under construction.
Comparison with Greek architecture that utilized natural terrains for temple placement.
Example: Temple Mount in Jerusalem showcases Roman terrace structures.
Structural Innovations
Arcuation and the Rounded Arch
Romans popularized the rounded arch, borrowing it from Etruscans and earlier Mesopotamian architecture.
Used as a structural support method, emphasizing utility over form in design.
The triumphal arch as a typology highlights this use, commemorating military victories with inscriptions.
Use of Concrete
Romans developed a form of concrete with volcanic ash, which hardened quickly and could set underwater, allowing for large-scale construction.
Concrete allowed for innovative architectural designs such as domes and vaulted structures.
Distinction between concrete strength under compression versus tension, leading to robust construction methods.
Spatial Form and Design Ideologies
Romans shifted focus from solid forms (as seen in Greek architecture) to the interplay of solids and voids in architectural design.
The Pantheon exemplifies a rational use of void spaces to drive architectural composition, prioritizing spatial form in design.
Building Techniques and Forms
Types of Roman Building Techniques
Opus Caementicium: Concrete work utilizing masonry formwork, crucial for vaulted structures.
Opus Incertum and Opus Testaceum: Techniques to create strong walls using stones layered and bound using mortar and concrete.
True Arch vs. Corbelled Arch: Roman arches require centering for construction; corbelled arches do not.
Key Terms and Definitions
Architectural Orders
Tuscan Order: Simplified version of Doric, includes a base and continuous frieze, influenced by Etruscan styles.
Composite Order: Merges Ionic and Corinthian elements, showcasing Roman creativity in architectural styles.
Public Infrastructure
Aqueducts: Engineering marvels supporting the movement of water over diverse terrains, prominently designed with arches.
Castrum: Military town layout emphasizing regular grids for legions, facilitating movement and organization.
Forum: Central public square, similar to the Greek Agora but structured to facilitate Roman life and governance.
Buildings and Structures
Basilicas and Theaters
Basilica: Originally a space for public transactions, later adapted for Christian worship.
Amphitheaters: Specifically designed for gladiatorial combat and public spectacles, reflecting Roman engagement with entertainment and politics.
Domestic Architecture
Domus: Urban house with an atrium, central to Roman domestic life.
Villa: Rural house, distinct from urban domus.
Insula: Tenement apartments, addressing population density in Rome.
The Pantheon
A temple dedicated to all gods, indicating Roman architectural ambition.
Features a grand dome, achieving a perfect sphere intersecting with a cylinder, showcasing spatial design.
Reflects Roman values and religious practices, positioning it as a state symbol and a place of worship.
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