Week 0 Notes – Chapter 1 and 2: Cells and Adaptation

Chapter 1: The Cell in Health and Disease: (pgs 1-7)

• Learning Objectives:

  • State the cellular organelles and define their function

• Describe the functions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm

  • Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

    • Semi-permeable barrier between intra and extracellular environments (bouncer)

    • Carbs+proteins = glycoproteins on cell surface

    • Diffusion in/out

      • Too much fluid in → swelling → cellular edema

      • Too much fluid leaves → shrink → dehydration

  • Cytoplasm

    • Gel-like internal fluid environment made of water, ions, proteins, carbs and lipids

    • Holds the organelles in the cell

  • Define and describe the terms – pathogenesis, histology, diagnosis, prognosis, risk factors, precipitating factors

    • Pathogenesis – development of an acute, chronic or recurrent disease

    • Histology – microscopic study of tissue

    • Diagnosis – process to determine what condition explains the present symptoms

    • Prognosis – using likely course a disease/illness will take (must know severity of illness and diagnostic tests)

    • Risk factors – event/exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a disease

    • Precipitating Factors – make one susceptible to illness, often genetic factors → predispose humans to certain diseases

  • Discuss the role of ATP

    • Cell E involved in cellular processes:

      • Used by Sodium-Potassium Pump to move the 2 ions in opp directions across the plasma membrane

      • aerobic/anaerobic metabolism

  • Differentiate aerobic versus anaerobic metabolism

    • Aerobic metabolism – requires oxygen, occurs in mitochondria → yields 34 ATP (max E for cellular function)

    • Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) – no oxygen, occurs outside mitochondria within cell

      • Glucose → 2 ATP + pyruvic acid

• Key Concepts:

  • The plasma membrane is a semipermeable barrier.

  • A defect in the plasma membrane’s integrity allows organelles to be vulnerable to injury

  • Glycoproteins are surface markers that identify cells as part of the individual’s own tissues

  • The sodium-potassium pump, which maintains the cellular movement of Na+ outside and K+ inside the cell, requires energy.

  • Aerobic metabolism occurs at the mitochondria and yields 34 ATP.

  • Anaerobic metabolism occurs outside the mitochondria within the cell and yields 2 ATP, as well as lactic acid.

  • The mitochondria have their own DNA that is solely inherited from the individual’s mother.

  • Lysosomes are small spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes and perform autolysis or heterolysis.

  • Ribosomes can be likened to cellular protein factories.

  • Patho Concept WS = concept maps

Chapter 2: Cellular Injury, Adaptations, & Maladaptive Changes (pgs 8-12)

• Learning Objectives:

  • Define and describe cell changes that occur with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia

    • Atrophy – dec cell size

    • Hypertrophy – inc cell size

    • Hyperplasia – inc # of cells

    • Metaplasia – one cell type replaces another

    • Dysplasia – deranged cell growth (size, shape, and organization)

    • Neoplasia – new disorganized, uncontrolled growth (tumor)

  • Differentiate the terms benign and malignant related to cell organization

    • Benign

      • Usually localized

      • Cells look normal

      • Well-differentiated cells

      • DON'T metastasize

      • Well-defined borders

    • Malignant

      • Cells look diff from healthy cells

      • Poorly differentiated cells

      • Inc. likelihood of metastasis

      • Poorly defined borders

• Key Concepts:

  • The point at which cells can no longer achieve reversible changes varies according to the type of cell. For example, brain cells cannot withstand low oxygen delivery (hypoxia) for more than 6 minutes, whereas skeletal muscle can tolerate hypoxia for prolonged periods.

  • Atrophy is the diminished size and growth of tissue, whereas hypertrophy is an increase in the size of each individual cell of an organ or tissue.