Anatomy and Physiology Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology: Organization, Homeostasis, and Anatomical Terms
Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology: Organization, Homeostasis, and Anatomical Terms
Anatomy is form
The structures which make up the body
Physiology is function
How those structures are able to perform vital functions
Levels of Organization
Molecular level
Cellular level
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
What level of organization applies to:
Kidney? Organ
Sodium ions? Molecular Level
Bone? Organ or even tissue (bone tissue)
What is an example of each of the following?
Cellular level? Blood cells
Organ system? Skeletal system
Organ Systems
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Lymphoid system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
System
Function
Organs
Integumentary
Protection for underlying organs
Skins; hair; nails
Skeletal
Provides structure
Bones
Muscular
Powers movement/locomotion
Muscles
Nervous
Sends, receives, and processes electrical signals
Brain; spinal cord
Endocrine
Regulation of hormones
Various glands
Cardiovascular
Transportations of oxygen, nutrients, and other materials
Heart; blood vessels
Respiratory
Gas exchange
Lungs
Lymphoid
Fights diseases
Lymph vessels and nodes; thymus
Digestive
Absorption of nutrients
Stomach; intestines; liver; pancreas; gallbladder
Urinary
Filtering of blood
Kidneys; bladder
Reproductive
Species perpetuation
Gonads; genitalia
Homeostasis
Homeostasis: Stable internal environment
Negative feedback: a stimulus changes the environment and triggers a response that corrects the situation
Thermoregulation
Positive feedback: a stimulus changes the environment and triggers a response that reinforces the stimulus
Blood clotting
What is an example of a feedback loop? Is your example positive or negative?
Eating is a feedback loop and it's negative. Going to the gym is also a feedback loop and is positive.
A particular hormone, calcitonin, is released by the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. If the hormone acts through negative feedback, what effect will its release have on the amount of calcium in the blood?
It will decrease
Structure
Region
Head
Cephalic region
Neck
Cervical region
Chest
Thoracic region
Abdomen
Abdominal region
Pelvis
Pelvic region
Lower back
Lumbar region
Buttock
Gluteal region
Arm
Brachial region
Forearm
Antebrachial region
Hand
Manual region
Thigh
Femoral region
Leg
Crural region
Foot
Pedal region
Term
Region or Direction
Anterior
The front; before
Posterior
The back; behind
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Medial
Toward the center of the body (longitudinal axis)
Lateral
Away from the center of the body (longitudinal axis)
Proximal
Toward an attached base
Distal
Away from an attached base
Superficial
Near the surface
Deep
Farther from the surface
The hands are distal to the forearm.
The sternum is medial to the ribs.
The cervical region is superior to the thoracic region.
The scalp is superficial to the skull.
The phalanges (fingers) are ___distal___ to the humerus (arm).
The sternum is anterior to the vertebrae.
The lumbar region is inferior to the thoracic region.
The lower back is known as the lumbar region
The common name for the gluteal region is the buttock
The shins are proximal to the feet the stomach is inferior to the lungs
The ears are lateral to the nose
The foot is known as pedal region
The common name for the brachial region is the arm
The skin is superficial to the muscle tissue
The abdominal region is anterior to the lumbar region
The crural region is distal to the femoral region
Molecular Organization
Atom: smallest stable unit of matter
Element: substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through physical or chemical means
Ion: electrically charged atom
Ions
Ions are atoms that do not have the same number of electrons as protons
Electrons have been gained or lost
Common ions: K+, Na+, CL-, Ca2+, P3-
Positive and negatives charged play a role in Anatomy and Physiology
Enzymes
Activation energy: the energy required to start a reaction
Enzymes: a protein that acts as a catalyst; something that lowers the activation energy of a reaction
Organic/Inorganic Molecules
Organic molecules are typically composed of carbon , hydrogen, and oxygen, with other elements added as well (most carbon chains).
Inorganic molecules typically do not contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen as the structural backbone of a molecule
Water
Water is an essential reactant in the chemical reaction of living systems
Water has a high specific heat capacity
Your blood is going to stay water and stay stable, your blood doesn't freeze or boil in high or low temperatures
Water is an excellent solvent
pH Scale
The pH scale measures the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution
Low pH is acidic, high pH is basic
When combining an acid and a base, water and a salt will form
4 Macromolecules
Carbs
Protein
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Carbohydrates
Compounds with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Energy storage
Monosaccharide (glucose, fructose)
Disaccharide (sucrose)
Polysaccharide (glycogen)
Lipids
Compounds with a 1:2 carbon to hydrogen ratio
Nonpolar molecules
Fatty acids (energy storage)
Can be saturated or unsaturated
Fats (energy storage; insulation/protection)
Fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule
Steroids (hormones)
Large lipids composed of carbon rings
Phospholipids (cell membranes)
Fatty acids connected to a glycerol with a phosphate group
Proteins
Most abundant organic compounds in the human body
Amino acids combine to form peptides
Peptides combine to form polypeptides (proteins)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are large organic molecules made up of nucleotides
DNA and RNA
There are five bases for nucleotides
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate in a source of energy for our bodies
Reactions turns ATP into ADP and releases energy
Classify each of the following as a molecular level, cellular level, tissue, organ, organ system, organism:
Spleen: organ
Chloride ion: molecular level
Giraffe: organism
Endocrine system: organ system
Red blood cells: cellular level
Water: molecular level
Name the system that accomplishes the basic function listed:
Cardiovascular system: Circulates blood throughout the body
Muscular system: provides movement for the body
Lymphoid system: Fights diseases and infections
Endocrine system: regulates levels of hormones
Cells: The building blocks of Life
Cells are the building blocks of plants and animals
Plasma Membrane
Physical isolation
Regulation of exchange with environment
Sensitivity to the environment
Structural support
Membrane Lipids
Phospholipid bilayer: protection
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Like bonds with like
Membrane Proteins
Receptor proteins
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
Enzymes
Anchoring proteins
Recognition proteins
Permeability
Impermeable: nothing can pass through
Freely permeable: anything can pass through
Selectively permeable (cell membrane): certain substances can pass
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
Ex. Axe body spray: the spray is super strong until it duffuses and you cant really smell it as much
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Passive vs. Active Transport
Transport is the process of getting something in or out of the cell
Passive transport does not require energy
Osmosis/diffusion
Active transport does require energy
Membrane proteins use ATP to transfer molecules from one side to another
Important organelle structure
Cytosol: intracellular fluid that contains nutrients, ions, and proteins
Mitochondria: produces ATP for the cell
Cilia: slender extensions of the plasma membrane; help move particles
Microvilli: small projections that increase surface area
Nucleus: contains DNA and enzymes
Golgi apparatus: packaging of enzymes and secretions
Which of the macromolecules is used for storing energy, insulating tissue, and the structure of hormones?
Lipids
What pH level indicates something is an acid? 1-6
What is the difference between glucose and sucrose? One is a monosaccharides and another is disaccharides (2 glucose molecules)
What is the function of the following organelles and structures:
Microvilli: projection in the cell, increase surface area, helps it absorb or secrete things
Golgi apparatus: the post office, taking proteins from the ER and transporting them
Mitochondria: the powerhouse of the cell making ATP
Cillia: help move particles, tiny little hairs on cells
What type of protein acts as a gate letting molecules sin or out of the cell?
Channel proteins