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Chapter 14: Europe at War, 1555-1648

  • A European state couldn’t tolerate the presence of two churches, but Reformation had created two churches

  • Peace of Augsburg (1555)

    • Established the responsibility of the local authorities to select religion of an area

      • Created confusion due to Princes switching between religions

  • Extremists dominated European politics

  • 1550-1650: French Wars of Religion

  • French had a Catholic Monarchy due to the Reformation

    • There was a divided population between Catholics and Calvinists

  • Huguenots were from all levels of society

    • Mostly tradesmen and artisans

    • Were a powerful political threat

  • King Henry II died jousting

  • King Henry III and Henry of Navarre made a pact to defeat the Ultra-Catholics

    • Ultra-Catholics were supported by Pope and Jesuits

    • Henry III was assassinated by priests

    • Henry of Navarre became King

  • Charles V of Germany left German Empire to Frederick I and the Spanish Empire to Phillip II

    • Phillip II was a militant Catholic

  • Spain under the leadership of Phillip II

    • Catholic (applied force and cruelty)

    • Strong control of nobility

    • Netherlands were predominantly Protestant

    • Very wealthy due to resources from the New World

    • Spain was seen as a threat

  • Phillip II

    • Stood against the Ottoman expansion in Mediterranean Sea

    • Devout Catholic

    • Had a rivalry with England

  • England became a world power

  • Netherlands revolted

  • Protestants resented Spanish rule

  • 12 Years Truce

  • Poland was the leading power of Europe in the 16th century

    • Parliamentary body (Polish Diet)

    • Death of the last Jagiellon monarch gave power to the nobility

    • Participated in a series of dynastic wars

  • Romanov Dynasty began

  • Rise of Sweden

    • Developed alliances with England and Dutch

    • Faced warfare

    • Gustavus Adolphus (expanded the Swedish power)

  • 30 Years War

    • There were tensions between the Dutch and the Spanish, Spanish and the French, German Catholics and German Protestants, Swedish and everyone in the Baltic Kingdom, and England and Spanish

    • Fought in the Holy Roman Empire

    • German succession started the war

    • Bohemian Revolt

    • Battle of White Mountain

    • All European Powers took part in war

  • Hapsburgs were powerful and were a threat to Protestantism and the free Dutch state

    • Phillip III declared war on the Dutch

    • Ferdinand attempted to eliminate Protestantism

    • France aided in paying for war

    • Protestant forces grew stronger under Gustavus’ command

  • France against Spain

    • France declared war on Spain under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu; Louis XIII

    • Fighting was in the Netherlands

    • Spain went bankrupt and had to settle for peace

  • Peace of Westphalia

    • War was destructive causing European powers to lose their will to continue fighting

    • Peace of Augsburg was restored

    • Various wars and conflicts were settled through agreements

  • Holy Roman Empire was economically destroyed and divided by war

  • There was an emergence of politics in religion over foreign affairs

  • France aided the Protestants

  • 30 Years’ War was extremely destructive

Chapter 14: Europe at War, 1555-1648

  • A European state couldn’t tolerate the presence of two churches, but Reformation had created two churches

  • Peace of Augsburg (1555)

    • Established the responsibility of the local authorities to select religion of an area

      • Created confusion due to Princes switching between religions

  • Extremists dominated European politics

  • 1550-1650: French Wars of Religion

  • French had a Catholic Monarchy due to the Reformation

    • There was a divided population between Catholics and Calvinists

  • Huguenots were from all levels of society

    • Mostly tradesmen and artisans

    • Were a powerful political threat

  • King Henry II died jousting

  • King Henry III and Henry of Navarre made a pact to defeat the Ultra-Catholics

    • Ultra-Catholics were supported by Pope and Jesuits

    • Henry III was assassinated by priests

    • Henry of Navarre became King

  • Charles V of Germany left German Empire to Frederick I and the Spanish Empire to Phillip II

    • Phillip II was a militant Catholic

  • Spain under the leadership of Phillip II

    • Catholic (applied force and cruelty)

    • Strong control of nobility

    • Netherlands were predominantly Protestant

    • Very wealthy due to resources from the New World

    • Spain was seen as a threat

  • Phillip II

    • Stood against the Ottoman expansion in Mediterranean Sea

    • Devout Catholic

    • Had a rivalry with England

  • England became a world power

  • Netherlands revolted

  • Protestants resented Spanish rule

  • 12 Years Truce

  • Poland was the leading power of Europe in the 16th century

    • Parliamentary body (Polish Diet)

    • Death of the last Jagiellon monarch gave power to the nobility

    • Participated in a series of dynastic wars

  • Romanov Dynasty began

  • Rise of Sweden

    • Developed alliances with England and Dutch

    • Faced warfare

    • Gustavus Adolphus (expanded the Swedish power)

  • 30 Years War

    • There were tensions between the Dutch and the Spanish, Spanish and the French, German Catholics and German Protestants, Swedish and everyone in the Baltic Kingdom, and England and Spanish

    • Fought in the Holy Roman Empire

    • German succession started the war

    • Bohemian Revolt

    • Battle of White Mountain

    • All European Powers took part in war

  • Hapsburgs were powerful and were a threat to Protestantism and the free Dutch state

    • Phillip III declared war on the Dutch

    • Ferdinand attempted to eliminate Protestantism

    • France aided in paying for war

    • Protestant forces grew stronger under Gustavus’ command

  • France against Spain

    • France declared war on Spain under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu; Louis XIII

    • Fighting was in the Netherlands

    • Spain went bankrupt and had to settle for peace

  • Peace of Westphalia

    • War was destructive causing European powers to lose their will to continue fighting

    • Peace of Augsburg was restored

    • Various wars and conflicts were settled through agreements

  • Holy Roman Empire was economically destroyed and divided by war

  • There was an emergence of politics in religion over foreign affairs

  • France aided the Protestants

  • 30 Years’ War was extremely destructive

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