Chapter 14: Europe at War, 1555-1648

• A European state couldn’t tolerate the presence of two churches, but Reformation had created two churches
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)   * Established the responsibility of the local authorities to select religion of an area     * Created confusion due to Princes switching between religions
• Extremists dominated European politics
• 1550-1650: French Wars of Religion
• French had a Catholic Monarchy due to the Reformation   * There was a divided population between Catholics and Calvinists
• Huguenots were from all levels of society   * Mostly tradesmen and artisans   * Were a powerful political threat
• King Henry II died jousting
• King Henry III and Henry of Navarre made a pact to defeat the Ultra-Catholics   * Ultra-Catholics were supported by Pope and Jesuits   * Henry III was assassinated by priests   * Henry of Navarre became King
• Charles V of Germany left German Empire to Frederick I and the Spanish Empire to Phillip II   * Phillip II was a militant Catholic
• Spain under the leadership of Phillip II   * Catholic (applied force and cruelty)   * Strong control of nobility   * Netherlands were predominantly Protestant   * Very wealthy due to resources from the New World   * Spain was seen as a threat
• Phillip II   * Stood against the Ottoman expansion in Mediterranean Sea   * Devout Catholic   * Had a rivalry with England
• England became a world power
• Netherlands revolted
• Protestants resented Spanish rule
• 12 Years Truce
• Poland was the leading power of Europe in the 16th century   * Parliamentary body (Polish Diet)   * Death of the last Jagiellon monarch gave power to the nobility   * Participated in a series of dynastic wars
• Romanov Dynasty began
• Rise of Sweden   * Developed alliances with England and Dutch   * Faced warfare   * Gustavus Adolphus (expanded the Swedish power)
• 30 Years War   * There were tensions between the Dutch and the Spanish, Spanish and the French, German Catholics and German Protestants, Swedish and everyone in the Baltic Kingdom, and England and Spanish   * Fought in the Holy Roman Empire   * German succession started the war   * Bohemian Revolt   * Battle of White Mountain   * All European Powers took part in war
• Hapsburgs were powerful and were a threat to Protestantism and the free Dutch state   * Phillip III declared war on the Dutch   * Ferdinand attempted to eliminate Protestantism   * France aided in paying for war   * Protestant forces grew stronger under Gustavus’ command
• France against Spain   * France declared war on Spain under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu; Louis XIII   * Fighting was in the Netherlands   * Spain went bankrupt and had to settle for peace
• Peace of Westphalia   * War was destructive causing European powers to lose their will to continue fighting   * Peace of Augsburg was restored   * Various wars and conflicts were settled through agreements
• Holy Roman Empire was economically destroyed and divided by war
• There was an emergence of politics in religion over foreign affairs
• France aided the Protestants
• 30 Years’ War was extremely destructive

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