Chapter 14: Europe at War, 1555-1648

• A European state couldn’t tolerate the presence of two churches, but Reformation had created two churches
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
  • Established the responsibility of the local authorities to select religion of an area
  • Created confusion due to Princes switching between religions
• Extremists dominated European politics
• 1550-1650: French Wars of Religion
• French had a Catholic Monarchy due to the Reformation
  • There was a divided population between Catholics and Calvinists
• Huguenots were from all levels of society
  • Mostly tradesmen and artisans
  • Were a powerful political threat
• King Henry II died jousting
• King Henry III and Henry of Navarre made a pact to defeat the Ultra-Catholics
  • Ultra-Catholics were supported by Pope and Jesuits
  • Henry III was assassinated by priests
  • Henry of Navarre became King
• Charles V of Germany left German Empire to Frederick I and the Spanish Empire to Phillip II
  • Phillip II was a militant Catholic
• Spain under the leadership of Phillip II
  • Catholic (applied force and cruelty)
  • Strong control of nobility
  • Netherlands were predominantly Protestant
  • Very wealthy due to resources from the New World
  • Spain was seen as a threat
• Phillip II
  • Stood against the Ottoman expansion in Mediterranean Sea
  • Devout Catholic
  • Had a rivalry with England
• England became a world power
• Netherlands revolted
• Protestants resented Spanish rule
• 12 Years Truce
• Poland was the leading power of Europe in the 16th century
  • Parliamentary body (Polish Diet)
  • Death of the last Jagiellon monarch gave power to the nobility
  • Participated in a series of dynastic wars
• Romanov Dynasty began
• Rise of Sweden
  • Developed alliances with England and Dutch
  • Faced warfare
  • Gustavus Adolphus (expanded the Swedish power)
• 30 Years War
  • There were tensions between the Dutch and the Spanish, Spanish and the French, German Catholics and German Protestants, Swedish and everyone in the Baltic Kingdom, and England and Spanish
  • Fought in the Holy Roman Empire
  • German succession started the war
  • Bohemian Revolt
  • Battle of White Mountain
  • All European Powers took part in war
• Hapsburgs were powerful and were a threat to Protestantism and the free Dutch state
  • Phillip III declared war on the Dutch
  • Ferdinand attempted to eliminate Protestantism
  • France aided in paying for war
  • Protestant forces grew stronger under Gustavus’ command
• France against Spain
  • France declared war on Spain under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu; Louis XIII
  • Fighting was in the Netherlands
  • Spain went bankrupt and had to settle for peace
• Peace of Westphalia
  • War was destructive causing European powers to lose their will to continue fighting
  • Peace of Augsburg was restored
  • Various wars and conflicts were settled through agreements
• Holy Roman Empire was economically destroyed and divided by war
• There was an emergence of politics in religion over foreign affairs
• France aided the Protestants
• 30 Years’ War was extremely destructive

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