Chapter 14: Europe at War, 1555-1648
A European state couldn’t tolerate the presence of two churches, but Reformation had created two churches
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Established the responsibility of the local authorities to select religion of an area
Created confusion due to Princes switching between religions
Extremists dominated European politics
1550-1650: French Wars of Religion
French had a Catholic Monarchy due to the Reformation
There was a divided population between Catholics and Calvinists
Huguenots were from all levels of society
Mostly tradesmen and artisans
Were a powerful political threat
King Henry II died jousting
King Henry III and Henry of Navarre made a pact to defeat the Ultra-Catholics
Ultra-Catholics were supported by Pope and Jesuits
Henry III was assassinated by priests
Henry of Navarre became King
Charles V of Germany left German Empire to Frederick I and the Spanish Empire to Phillip II
Phillip II was a militant Catholic
Spain under the leadership of Phillip II
Catholic (applied force and cruelty)
Strong control of nobility
Netherlands were predominantly Protestant
Very wealthy due to resources from the New World
Spain was seen as a threat
Phillip II
Stood against the Ottoman expansion in Mediterranean Sea
Devout Catholic
Had a rivalry with England
England became a world power
Netherlands revolted
Protestants resented Spanish rule
12 Years Truce
Poland was the leading power of Europe in the 16th century
Parliamentary body (Polish Diet)
Death of the last Jagiellon monarch gave power to the nobility
Participated in a series of dynastic wars
Romanov Dynasty began
Rise of Sweden
Developed alliances with England and Dutch
Faced warfare
Gustavus Adolphus (expanded the Swedish power)
30 Years War
There were tensions between the Dutch and the Spanish, Spanish and the French, German Catholics and German Protestants, Swedish and everyone in the Baltic Kingdom, and England and Spanish
Fought in the Holy Roman Empire
German succession started the war
Bohemian Revolt
Battle of White Mountain
All European Powers took part in war
Hapsburgs were powerful and were a threat to Protestantism and the free Dutch state
Phillip III declared war on the Dutch
Ferdinand attempted to eliminate Protestantism
France aided in paying for war
Protestant forces grew stronger under Gustavus’ command
France against Spain
France declared war on Spain under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu; Louis XIII
Fighting was in the Netherlands
Spain went bankrupt and had to settle for peace
Peace of Westphalia
War was destructive causing European powers to lose their will to continue fighting
Peace of Augsburg was restored
Various wars and conflicts were settled through agreements
Holy Roman Empire was economically destroyed and divided by war
There was an emergence of politics in religion over foreign affairs
France aided the Protestants
30 Years’ War was extremely destructive
A European state couldn’t tolerate the presence of two churches, but Reformation had created two churches
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Established the responsibility of the local authorities to select religion of an area
Created confusion due to Princes switching between religions
Extremists dominated European politics
1550-1650: French Wars of Religion
French had a Catholic Monarchy due to the Reformation
There was a divided population between Catholics and Calvinists
Huguenots were from all levels of society
Mostly tradesmen and artisans
Were a powerful political threat
King Henry II died jousting
King Henry III and Henry of Navarre made a pact to defeat the Ultra-Catholics
Ultra-Catholics were supported by Pope and Jesuits
Henry III was assassinated by priests
Henry of Navarre became King
Charles V of Germany left German Empire to Frederick I and the Spanish Empire to Phillip II
Phillip II was a militant Catholic
Spain under the leadership of Phillip II
Catholic (applied force and cruelty)
Strong control of nobility
Netherlands were predominantly Protestant
Very wealthy due to resources from the New World
Spain was seen as a threat
Phillip II
Stood against the Ottoman expansion in Mediterranean Sea
Devout Catholic
Had a rivalry with England
England became a world power
Netherlands revolted
Protestants resented Spanish rule
12 Years Truce
Poland was the leading power of Europe in the 16th century
Parliamentary body (Polish Diet)
Death of the last Jagiellon monarch gave power to the nobility
Participated in a series of dynastic wars
Romanov Dynasty began
Rise of Sweden
Developed alliances with England and Dutch
Faced warfare
Gustavus Adolphus (expanded the Swedish power)
30 Years War
There were tensions between the Dutch and the Spanish, Spanish and the French, German Catholics and German Protestants, Swedish and everyone in the Baltic Kingdom, and England and Spanish
Fought in the Holy Roman Empire
German succession started the war
Bohemian Revolt
Battle of White Mountain
All European Powers took part in war
Hapsburgs were powerful and were a threat to Protestantism and the free Dutch state
Phillip III declared war on the Dutch
Ferdinand attempted to eliminate Protestantism
France aided in paying for war
Protestant forces grew stronger under Gustavus’ command
France against Spain
France declared war on Spain under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu; Louis XIII
Fighting was in the Netherlands
Spain went bankrupt and had to settle for peace
Peace of Westphalia
War was destructive causing European powers to lose their will to continue fighting
Peace of Augsburg was restored
Various wars and conflicts were settled through agreements
Holy Roman Empire was economically destroyed and divided by war
There was an emergence of politics in religion over foreign affairs
France aided the Protestants
30 Years’ War was extremely destructive