Unit 5.2 - 5.3

Enlightenment, Revolutions, And Industrial Revolutions

The French Revolution used enlightenment ideas, drawing inspiration from events in the New World.

American, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions are collectively referred to as Atlantic Revolutions.
These revolutions occurred across the Atlantic Ocean in the New World, influencing the Old World (Europe).
The concept of "New World" and "Old World" became popular after the Columbian Exchange.
These revolutions in the New World influenced changes in the Old World.
Africa, the Ottoman Empire, and China were not yet in their revolutionary stages due to various reasons. Their transformations would occur later, sometimes through events like world wars.

The Haitian Revolution was a successful slave rebellion, which was rare in world history.
It was a rebellion of black slaves against their colonizers.
Haiti was France's most profitable colony, and the revolution frightened Europeans.

Simon Bolívar, a Creole, played a significant role in the Latin American revolutions.
Bolívar was in exile in Jamaica and advocated for the removal of the Spanish from Latin America.
Creoles, though high in the social hierarchy, identified with the New World rather than Spain.
Bolívar helped inspire changes and the emergence of new states in South America.

Enlightenment thinkers like Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, Toussaint Louverture, and Simon Bolívar were slave owners.
The enlightenment did not immediately abolish slavery.
Revolutions occurred, but some issues like slavery lingered.

Philippine Nationalism:
- Filipino nationalism, exemplified by figures like Jose Rizal, aimed to remove the Spanish after over 300 years of colonization following the Columbian Exchange.
- The Philippines eventually gained independence.
Maori Nationalism in New Zealand:
- The Maori were the indigenous people of New Zealand.
- Conflicts arose when settlers from Great Britain arrived, leading to wars.
- Despite fighting, the Maori were ultimately assimilated and did not achieve full independence.

There were two Industrial Revolutions:
- First (Early): Approximately 1750-1820.
- Second (Late): Approximately 1820-1900.

Began in Great Britain due to various factors.
Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776.
- This book laid the foundation for modern capitalism.
Liberal democracy emerged during the enlightenment.

Slavery persisted.
Pollution was rampant due to lack of environmental regulations.
Child labor was common, with young children working in dangerous conditions like coal mines.
Workers faced hazardous conditions, long hours (seven days a week), and no safety protections.

Reforms were sought to address the issues of early capitalism.
Labor unions emerged.
New laws were enacted to protect workers.
Some individuals, like Karl Marx, proposed alternative systems such as communism and socialism.

The revolution spread from Great Britain to:
- Europe
- The United States
- Russia
- Japan
The Ottoman Empire and China lagged behind, attempting to maintain their traditional ways.
- China's failure to adapt led to defeats in the Opium Wars.
- Japan, on the other hand, embraced industrialization and became more powerful.

The remainder of the unit will cover the features and impacts of the Industrial Revolution, including:
- Gender
- Environmental effects
- Inter-state relations
The following unit will focus on the consequences of the Industrial Revolution, primarily imperialism.