LPS

1. Freedmen’s Bureau

   - Established in 1865 to assist freed slaves and poor whites in the South.

   - Provided food, housing, education, and legal assistance.

   - Helped negotiate labor contracts and promoted African American education.

2. Radical Reconstruction Plan

   - Aimed to radically restructure Southern society after the Civil War.

   - Led by Congress, it focused on civil rights for freedmen and punishment for the South.

   - Included the 14th and 15th Amendments, military occupation in the South, and the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.

3. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

   - Also known as the "10 Percent Plan."

   - Proposed that Southern states could re-enter the Union once 10% of their 1860 voters took an oath of allegiance.

   - Offered pardons to most Confederates, except high-ranking officials.

4. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

   - Similar to Lincoln's but more lenient toward Southern elites.

   - Allowed Southern states to form new governments and rejoin the Union after they ratified the 13th Amendment and nullified secession ordinances.

   - Opposed by Congress due to leniency toward the South and the lack of protections for freedmen.

5. Congressional Reconstruction Plan

   - Led by Radical Republicans, focused on ensuring civil rights for freedmen.

   - Required Southern states to rewrite their constitutions and ratify the 14th Amendment.

   - Established military districts in the South, enforcing Reconstruction policies.

6. John Wilkes Booth

   - Actor and Confederate sympathizer who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in 1865.

7. Black Codes

   - Laws passed in Southern states to restrict the rights of freedmen.

   - Aimed to control labor, movement, and behavior of African Americans, often forcing them into labor contracts or sharecropping.

8. Civil Rights Act

   - First passed in 1866, designed to protect the civil rights of African Americans.

   - Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law, overriding Black Codes.

   - Vetoed by Johnson but passed by Congress.

9. 13th Amendment

   - Ratified in 1865, abolished slavery throughout the United States.

   - Marked a key moment in the Reconstruction era by legally freeing all enslaved people.

10. 14th Amendment

    - Ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including former slaves.

    - Guaranteed equal protection under the law and due process.

11. 15th Amendment

    - Ratified in 1870, granted African American men the right to vote.

    - Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

12. Tenure of Office Act

    - Passed in 1867, restricted the president's power to remove certain officeholders without Senate approval.

    - Led to President Johnson's impeachment after he violated the act by firing Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War.

13. Command of the Army Act

    - Passed in 1867, limited the president's ability to control the military.

    - Required that all military orders be issued through the commanding general, who was Ulysses S. Grant at the time.

14. Scalawags

    - Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party.

    - Often viewed as traitors by other Southerners, they played a key role in rebuilding Southern governments.

15. Carpetbaggers

    - Northern whites who moved to the South during Reconstruction.

    - Often portrayed as opportunists seeking to exploit the South's misfortune for personal gain.

16. Sharecropper

    - Agricultural laborers, often former slaves, who worked land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops.

    - Created a cycle of debt and poverty, trapping many African Americans in exploitative labor contracts.

17. Crop-lien System

    - A credit system used by sharecroppers to purchase supplies.

    - Often resulted in debt, as farmers were charged high interest rates, and they struggled to repay loans.

18. Liberal Republicans

    - A faction of the Republican Party that broke away in 1872, advocating for civil service reform and opposing the corruption associated with Grant's administration.

    - Supported a more lenient approach to Reconstruction.

19. Credit Mobilier Scandal

    - A major political scandal during Ulysses S. Grant’s presidency involving railroad companies.

    - Congressmen were bribed with stock in the Credit Mobilier company, which was set up to build the Union Pacific Railroad.

20. Grantism

    - A term used to describe the political corruption and scandals that occurred during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency.

    - Associated with the lack of oversight in the administration and the rise of political patronage.

21. Panic of 1873

    - A financial panic that led to a depression in the U.S.

    - Caused by over-speculation in railroads and other industries, leading to bank failures and mass unemployment.

22. Seward’s Folly

    - The 1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia, which was initially mocked as a waste of money.

    - Later seen as a great strategic and economic move, as Alaska proved rich in resources.

23. Ku Klux Klan

    - A white supremacist group founded in 1865 that aimed to undermine Reconstruction and suppress African American political participation through violence and intimidation.

    - Responsible for many acts of terrorism against African Americans and Republicans.

24. Enforcement Acts

    - Laws passed in the early 1870s to protect African Americans from Ku Klux Klan violence.

    - Allowed federal authorities to intervene in the South to suppress the Klan and other white supremacist groups.

25. Rutherford B. Hayes

    - 19th U.S. president (1877–1881), whose election marked the end of Reconstruction.

    - Oversaw the withdrawal of federal troops from the South in exchange for resolving the disputed 1876 election.

26. Samuel Tilden

    - Democratic candidate in the 1876 presidential election.

    - Lost the presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes in a contested election, despite winning the popular vote.

27. Solid Democratic South

    - Term used to describe the South's political shift to the Democratic Party after Reconstruction.

    - Southern Democrats opposed Republican Reconstruction policies and worked to disenfranchise African Americans.

28. Bourbon Government

    - Refers to the conservative, pro-business Democrats who controlled Southern state governments after Reconstruction.

    - Advocated for limited government, white supremacy, and economic development based on agriculture and industry.

29. Redeemers

    - Southern Democrats who sought to “redeem” the South from Reconstruction policies and return it to white rule.

    - Advocated for a return to conservative values and white supremacy.

30. Home Rule

    - The ability of a state or local government to govern itself without federal intervention.

    - In the South, it referred to the restoration of white Democratic control after the end of Reconstruction.

31. New South

    - A term used to describe the post-Reconstruction South that sought economic diversification.

    - Focused on industrialization, railroad expansion, and a more modern economy, though it still maintained racial segregation.

32. Booker T. Washington

    - Prominent African American leader and founder of Tuskegee Institute.

    - Advocated for vocational education and economic self-sufficiency for African Americans, promoting the "Atlanta Compromise."

33. Atlanta Compromise

    - A speech by Booker T. Washington in 1895, advocating for African Americans to accept segregation and disenfranchisement while focusing on economic progress through vocational training.

34. 1877

    - The year that marked the end of Reconstruction with the compromise that settled the disputed 1876 election.

    - Rutherford B. Hayes became president, and federal troops withdrew from the South.

35. Civil Rights Cases of 1883

    - A set of Supreme Court cases that ruled the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.

    - Limited the federal government’s ability to protect civil rights in private accommodations.

36. Plessy v. Ferguson

    - The 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

    - Legalized segregation in public facilities and institutions.

37. Cumming v. County Board

    - A 1899 Supreme Court case that allowed segregation in public schools and other public services.

    - Confirmed the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.

38. Disenfranchisement

    - The systematic denial of voting rights, particularly aimed at African Americans in the South after Reconstruction.

    - Methods included literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses.

39. Poll Tax

    - A tax imposed on voters, often used to disenfranchise African Americans and poor whites in the South.

40. Literacy Test

    - A test used to determine a person's ability to read and write, often used to disenfranchise African Americans during Reconstruction and beyond.

41. Jim Crow Laws

    - State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the South.

    - Instituted "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans and whites.

42. Lynching

    - The extrajudicial killing of African Americans, often by hanging, carried out by white mobs.

    - Used as a tool of racial terror and control in the South.

43. Ida B. Wells

    - An African American journalist, educator, and activist who led an anti-lynching campaign.

    - Worked to raise awareness of racial violence and promote civil rights.