Chapter 21: Industrial Europe

• By mid 18th century approximately 89% of Europeans farmed for a living
  • Economy dominated by agriculture was driven by labor
• Overseas trade was responsible for a greater demand of goods and manufacturing labor
• Agricultural Revolution increased food production and freed labor from the traditional agricultural practices
• Open-field systems: communal farming rather than individual and ensured long-term viability of villages
  • Villages implemented agricultural decisions in a cooperative manner
  • Individuals had strips of land and rights concerning the land
• Putting-out system
  • Entrepreneurs purchased raw materials
  • People worked in their homes
  • Only required a small amount of capital
  • Low quality of goods
  • Workforce was unreliable
• The Cottage industry dominated production in Europe by 1750s
• Agricultural Revolution
  • Technique that was combined with investment of capital and commercial attitudes
  • Enclosed lands in the hands of individuals
• Open-field systems discouraged private investment, stopped innovation, and stopped agriculture from being responsive to things such as market conditions
• Fodder crops were crops that were primarily used to restore nutrients in the soil
• Four crop rotation was a replacement for the three field system due to fodder crops
• Meadow flooding was the flooding of pastures to get an early spring grass for livestock
  • More livestock meant more fertilize (manure)
• Industrial Revolution (1790-1870)
  • First steam engine was invented
  • Spinning Jenny was invented
  • Britain became textile producer of the world
  • Samuel Slater leaves for America bringing forth the American Industrial Revolution
• Britain was the first to go through the Industrial Revolution
  • Access to water was a huge advantage (waterways, canals, etc.)
  • Economic infrastructure through cultivation of foreign markets
  • Minerals and metals such as coal and iron
  • “Cotton is King”
  • Factories
  • Railroads
• Innovation was constant during the Industrial Revolution
• Reforms
  • The Factory Act of 1833
  • The Mines Act of 1842
  • The Ten Hours Act of 1847
  • The Public Health Act of 1848
  • Vaccination Act of 1853
  • Contagious Diseases Act of 1864
• There was a rise in urban populations and higher birth rates due to lower marriage ages
• Industrialization in France was slowed down due to the slow population growth and the French Revolution
  • French industrialization was driven by railways
• Germany struggled to industrialize due to political division
• Dual System: places where the traditional economy and industrialization existed at the same time
  • Kept industrialization from reaching large economies and farmers from developing enough wealth to have access to industrial goods

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