AP HG Unit 4

Stateless Nation: People without a state.

Multinational State: A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Autonomous: An area that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state.

Multistate Nation: Occurs when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states.

Semi-autonomous: A state that has some degree of self-government yet still relies heavily on its parent state.

Nation State: A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed in a nationality.

Self-determination: The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Devolution: The transfer of some important powers from central governments to sub-governments.

Sovereignty: The ability of the state to carry out actions or policies within its borders independently from interference from the inside or the outside.

Colonialism: An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Imperialism A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Territoriality An concept of when people want to control land to exert their influence over people.

Neocolonialism The continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers.

Shatterbelt Zones of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups who fine refuge in the isolation created by rough terrain.

Choke point A geographical land feature causing a decrease in foreign flow.

Superimposed Boundaries Barriers drawn in an area with complete disregard for the cultural, religious, and ethnic divisions within the people living there.

Physical Boundaries Physical features that make up a boundary.

Consequent (Cultural) Boundaries Boundaries set by ethnic differences, especially those based on language and/or religion.

Geometric Boundaries Straight lines drawn on a map to divide specific states.

Positional (definitional) Dispute Occurs when states argue about where the border actually is.

Functional (Operational) Boundary Dispute Arises when neighboring states cannot agree on policies that apply in a border area.

Exclave Small bits of territory that lie on coasts separated from the state by the territory of another state.

Subsequent Boundaries A boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area.

Antecedent Boundaries Boundaries that were created before the present day cultural landscape developed.

Relict Boundaries A boundary that has ceased to function, but whose imprints are still evident in the cultural landscape. (EX: The Great Wall of China)

Enclave Territory that is landlocked within another country, so that the country totally surrounds it.

Resource (Allocational) Dispute A dispute regarding natural resources, such as mineral deposits, fertile farmland, or rich fishing groups, that lie in border areas.

Maritime A connection with the sea.

Demilitarized Zone A sort of unnatural buffer zone forced into existence to try and prevent the outbreak of further hostilities.

Exclusive Economic Zone The zone where coastal nations have jurisdiction over natural resources.

Berlin Conference A meeting of European super powers to divide the continent of Africa

The Law of the Sea States have exclusive rights to the fish and other marine life within 200 miles.

Median Line Principle A boundary visible and relatively unchanging. Typically set in the middle of the water.

Delimited Boundary The translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty (the definition) into an official cartographic (map) representation.

Demarcated Boundary The setting or marking of boundaries or limits on the physical landscape.

Defined Boundary A boundary that is established by a legal document, such as a treaty.

Gerrymandering The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the part in power.

Redistricting To divide or organize an area into new political or school districts.

Unitary state Concentrates all policy-making powers in one central geographic place.

Federal state Divides the power between the central government and the sub-units.

Terrorism The systematic use of violence to intimidate a population or coerce a government.

Ethnic Separatism When a minority groups fight for independence

Ethnic Cleansing A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.

Irredentism The nationalist belief that a territory belonging to another country should be annexed for ethnic or historical reasons.

Economies of scale The cost advantages companies experience when production becomes efficient, as costs can be spread over a larger amount of goods

Autonomous Having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs.

Fragmentation Divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity.

Democratization The growth of democracy.

Suprationalism Cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.

United Nations An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) A military alliance formed during the Cold War whose principle objective was to prevent the Soviet Union from overrunning Western Germany and other smaller counties.

European Union An economic alliance formed after World War II in order to repair economic scars from the war.

Organization of American States Promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states in the Western Hemisphere

Arab League An association of Arab states established in 1945 to promote cooperation among members regarding economic and social development and foreign policy.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) An economic alliance between 10 member countries that aim to promote economic cooperation, including free trade among member countries.

African Union an organization of African states established in 2002 as successor to the OAU; it aims to encourage economic development and political stability through increased cooperation between its members

Artic Council A supranational organization that addresses various issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic.

Devolution The transfer of some important powers from central governments to sub-governments.

Centripetal An attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state

Centrifugal Forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state.

Ethnic Nationalist Movement Organized by groups whose distinctiveness is based on national origin, culture, language, religion, territory, ethnic movements are enacted with the purpose of promoting or resisting social change.

Cold War The competition between two superpowers - The United States and the Soviet Union - for control of land spaces all over the world.

Balkanization A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.

Ethnonationalism The tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence.