bio 141 Chapter 1,4,5

Study Guide Summary

Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy: Study of body structures.

• Physiology: Study of how body parts function.

• Levels of Organization: Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

• 11 Organ Systems: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

• Basic Life Processes: Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction.

• Homeostasis: Body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

• Feedback Systems:

  • Negative Feedback: Reverses a change (e.g., temperature regulation).

  • Positive Feedback: Strengthens a change (e.g., childbirth).

• Nervous & Endocrine Systems: Major regulators of homeostasis through nerve impulses and hormones.

• Body Quadrants & Regions: Four quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ) and nine regions (e.g., epigastric, umbilical).

• Directional Terms: Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal.

• Planes & Cavities: Sagittal, frontal, transverse; cavities include cranial, thoracic, abdominopelvic.

• Serous Membranes: Line cavities; include pleura, pericardium, peritoneum.

Chapter 4: Histology (Study of Tissues)

• Four Tissue Types:

  1. Epithelial: Covers surfaces; functions in protection, secretion, absorption. Includes squamous, cuboidal, columnar.

  2. Connective: Provides support, binds tissues. Includes loose/dense connective, cartilage, bone, blood, lymph.

  3. Muscle: Includes skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (heart), smooth (involuntary).

  4. Nervous: Includes neurons (impulse conduction) and neuroglia (support cells).

• Tissue Repair: Healing varies by tissue type; aging slows repair.

• Embryonic Tissue Origin: All tissues arise from ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Chapter 5: Integumentary System (Skin, Hair, Nails, Glands)

• Functions of Skin: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion.

• Epidermis: Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells.

• Dermis: Two layers—papillary (fingerprints) and reticular.

• Melanin & Skin Disorders: Freckles, albinism, vitiligo, melanoma.

• Hair: Types (lanugo, vellus, terminal), growth cycle, color (due to melanin).

• Nails: Composed of keratin; protects fingers/toes.

• Glands:

  • Sebaceous (Oil): Lubricates skin.

  • Sudoriferous (Sweat): Eccrine (thermoregulation) and apocrine (odor).

• Aging & Skin: Thinner skin, reduced elasticity, fewer sweat glands.

• Burns:

  • Degrees: 1st (epidermis), 2nd (epidermis & dermis), 3rd (all layers).

  • Rule of Nines: Estimates body surface affected.

• Skin Cancer: ABCDE rule (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving).