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Fourth Exam Overview
Schedule
: The fourth exam is scheduled for the day after Easter in April.
Chapters Covered
: This exam will cover Chapters 9 and 10.
Key Topics
:
Mitosis
Meiosis
The Cell Cycle
Asexual Cell Division
Reproduction (both asexual and sexual)
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
: A form of asexual cell division critical for growth and development in multicellular organisms and for reproduction in unicellular organisms.
Used for growth, tissue renewal, and repair.
Important for eukaryotic organisms that grow and need to produce more cells.
Notably slower than binary fission due to the complexity of eukaryotic cells.
Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission
: Method of asexual reproduction in unicellular prokaryotes.
Simple and quick process without a nucleus.
Nutrient availability influences division frequency.
Fragmentation and Regeneration
: Some organisms regain lost parts, a form of asexual reproduction.
Examples include sea stars and lizards that can regenerate their limbs or tails, but the new limb does not grow into a new organism.
Vertebrate organisms have limited regenerative abilities compared to invertebrates.
Cell Cycle Explained
The cell cycle comprises the stages that a cell goes through to grow and divide.
Stages of the Cell Cycle
:
Interphase
: The non-dividing phase where the cell prepares for division.
M Phase
: The actual division occurs (mitosis and cytokinesis).
Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle
:
G1 Checkpoint
: Checks for DNA damage before moving to S phase.
G2 Checkpoint
: Checks that DNA has been replicated correctly before mitosis.
M Phase Checkpoint
: Ensures proper separation of chromosomes.
Mitosis Process
Phases of Mitosis
: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Cytokinesis
: The physical splitting of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
Animal cells use microfilaments for division.
Plant cells form a cell plate to separate the new cells.
Genetic Terminology
Diploid (2n)
: Refers to cells containing two complete sets of chromosomes.
Haploid (n)
: Cells containing one set of chromosomes, as seen in gametes (sperm and eggs).
Example Calculation
:
If diploid number is 18, then haploid number is 9.
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
: Sexual cell division occurring in gametes, creating genetic variation.
Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in genetically different cells.
Importance of Genetic Variation
: Vital for evolution and adaptability of species.
Cancer and Cell Cycle
Role of G0 Phase
: Non-dividing state, can be temporary or permanent, particularly in mature cells like neurons.
Cancer treatments often aim to push cells into G0 to stop division.
Error Consequences
If Cytokinesis Fails
: Can result in multinucleated cells, which typically cannot divide further.
Errors in division can lead to developmental issues or diseases.
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Explore Top Notes
Significant Figures/ Sig Figs
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Studied by 14 people
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Chapter 1: Crime Scene Investigation of Biological Evidence
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Studied by 53 people
5.0
(2)
Plastics (natural sciences)
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Studied by 17 people
5.0
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ISD5 Evidence-Based Dentistry
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Studied by 1 person
5.0
(1)
I-V Characteristics
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Studied by 4 people
5.0
(1)
Chapter 10: Classification of Microorganisms
Note
Studied by 49 people
5.0
(1)