History Midterm

Chapter 17: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

— Identify and explain the significance of cultural change and continuity brought

about by nomadic empires between 1000 – 1450 c.e. Be specific with your

examples.

• The nomads were pastoralist which meant that they kept herds of animals

• They lived of of milk meat and hides of their animals, using bones for tools, hide for wool, and dung for fire fuel

• nomads sought out trade with settled peoples and even during the classical era brisk trade was linked to nomadic societies

• Nomadic people were usually suited for caravan travel that linked societies, which later lead to turkish people being prominent with caravan routes.

• Adult males did a lot of the pastoral things while women were tending the animals, riding horses and doing archery. The woman often fought alongside the men.

• The nomads earliest religion revolved around shamans, but they were exposed to a lot of different religions while trading, so they followed those religions while still keeping their shamanistic beliefs.

• Most turkish nomads converted to islam and integrating into the Abbasid Caliphate as slaves. Soon they would go along spreading political and military influence to new religions.

— Identify and explain how the Mongol empire supported the technological

transfers that took place from 1000 to 1450 c.e. Be specific with your examples

(what was traded, to whom, and from whom).

• In 1218 chinggis khan wanted to open trade and diplomatic relations with Khwarazm Shah

• since the nomads depended on tradae and commerce the mongols worked with them to secure safe trade routes

• Merchants increased their commercial investments as a result of the safer trading

• diplomatic communication was essential to the mongols, and helping merchants and travelers benefited ambassadors

Chapter 18: States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

— Identify and explain how architecture in sub-Saharan Africa prior to 1500

reflected political, economic, or cultural forces of that time and place. Be specific

with your examples.

• by the 11th and 12 centuries, trade brought lots of wealth to coastal East Africa, and the cities soon started to change.

• In their villages the buildings on the inside were made of wood and dried mud which was used for important structures like mosques

• By twelfth century, Swahili people began to make much larger buildings made of coral.

• But by the 1500 many Swahili towns had many stone mosques and public buildings and the ruling elites of trading cities were dressed in silk and fine cotton

• Then there were the kinship groups which contributed to the economic state of architecture. The Sub- Saharan African people don’t recognize private ownership of land.

• The community claimed rights to the land, and most the population was extended family groups.

— Identify and explain how religious conversion to Islam and Christianity affected

sub-Saharan Africa prior to 1500. Be specific with your examples.

• Islam supplemented rather than changed the Sub-Saharan Africans traditions

• Ibn Battuta took much offense when going to Africa and seeing how the women and men were interacting, women were talking to men other than their husbands and they were walking around dressed in only loincloths

• Sometime west African merchants would adopt Islamic traits when engaging in trade

• And their ruling elites often honored religious traditions, which made it easy to sanction their rule after adopting Ismla for advantages.

Chapter 19: The Increasing Influence of Europe

—Compare and contrast how states in Western Europe consolidated power. Use

specific examples with one similarity and one difference (you may use different

states for your comparison and contrast).

• In France, the Capetian, and the Normans both wanted to enlarge their power by organizing order between them both and providing good government

• In Italy, no single regime controlled their peninsula, instead a series of states competed for power.

• In Capetian France, the kings would expand their political influence to create a relationship between the lords and the retainers.

—Compare and contrast how the Byzantine Empire maintained political power

with that of the Holy Roman Empire.

• The Byzantine Empire relied a lot on military power and the theme system to keep their empire afloat, while the Holy Roman Empire relied on the popes/ dukes decisions, so that affected a lot of the decisions that they made.

• A similarity between the two is that they both also relied on their power from forging connections with other states in the empire and coming together.

Chapter 20: Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

—Evaluate the role of religion and society in the Inca state. Be specific.

• Like the Aztecs, the Inca preist was still a high honor to have, but the preist usually was appointed to people in high class families.

• The Incas believed that life was their religion. The elements of the earth was because of their ruler and god they served. They devoted their gold and gems for the temples.

• they also sacrificed animals to the god

—Evaluate the role of religion and society in the Aztec state. Be specific.

• In the mexica if you were a preist that was a very high honor they heavily educated them and had religious ceremonies that they viewed as a very important sanction

• Mexica also was very serious about their religious practices. They believed heavily that they had to sacrifice.

Chapter 21: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

—Explain an effect of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia. Be specific.

• because so much of the wealth around that time came from trade, merchants were getting the plague and spreading it all along trade routes

• it also ravaged populations within a few months, rapidly decreasing population growth. The revamp never reached its preplague levels until the nineteenth century.

• The plague cause labor shortage and because of this the government was freezing wages making the workers demand for higher pay

• People wanted to move to different areas because of the plague, but the landlords restricted the freedom to move for peasants

—Explain an effect of Marco Polo or Ibn Battuta’s travels. Be specific.

• Marco telling the tales of his travels opened up merchants to learn about the trade of Eurasia. Marco traveling also helped Europeans participate in the larger economy in the eastern hemisphere.

• Ibn Battutas travel was significant because he had a law background some other Muslim kingdoms didn’t have. He would travel around Islam making laws and supervising affairs. He also promoted not only the law, but also his religion, teaching women how to be more modest or teaching people to go to church by harsh punishment.

Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

—Identify and explain how Europeans were able to use knowledge of wind

patterns to expand overseas.

• the ocean’s winds followed a simple pattern that mariners could calculate. North and south of the equator, the trade winds would blow from and east and north and southwesterly winds blow. During the summer months between April and October monsoon winds blow from the southeast, whereas during the winter months they blow from the northeast. And sine regular trade winds blew from the northeast, it was easy to get from the Mediterranean to the canary island.

• Soon the mariners came up with volta do mar which was a faster way to get through the winds. After coming up with this trick everybody started using it and made trading more accessible and safe during monsoon months.

—Identify and explain the significance of importing one native American plant or

animal to Afro-Eurasia in the Columbian Exchange.

• American crops like maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, and also tobacco, provided a lot of nutrition and trade to the European and Asia exchange. A lot of American crop provided not of protein and calories to diets

• Americas also had medicinal plants to ale sickness and cure things like malaria, and aid mosquito bites.

—Identify and explain the significance of importing one native Afro-Eurasian plant

or animal to the Americas in the Columbian Exchange.

• The Americas used the animals to increase horsepower and energy. The animals were also deeply rooted in Native American culture, being seen as a sign of wealth and stature.

• Horses were critical for transportation aiding in trade, they also enhanced hunting and gathering