Unit 10 - Chapter 21 Age of ISMs (1815-1850)

Industrialization changes the world. Most of what comes next is due to the liberalization brought about by IR. It will bring radical changes and radical ideas.

• The conservative movement in Europe is challenged.

The problem of the industrial world

• Urbanization

• Pollution (unsanitary, long-term environmental effects)

• New economic philosophes

• Roles of government

• Militarization ( efficient ways to kill)

Conservation: slowing down of progress (stagnation) EX. Congress of Vienna, the concert of Europe, legitimacy, the balance of power. People; Metternich

Liberalism: Moving society forward (change) EX. Enlightenment and those who follow EX (economic) the wealth of nations and capitalism. People Malthus, Ricardo, Smith, John Stuart Mill-On Liberty 

Liberal Writers and Economists

•  Thomas Malthus: 

  • Essay on the principles of population. Population growth to outpace the growth of food supple

• David Ricardo:

  • Principles of political economy. Increase in population increase in workers and decrease in wages.

• Adam Smith:

  • The Wealth of Nations. The state should not interfere with economic matters

• John Stuart Mill:

  • On Liberty. Freedom of opinion with protection from gov and majority.

Socialism

• Reaction to the growth divide between rich and poor in europe society to the IR

• A move for economic equality not a radical takeover like Marx would later propose.

• Robert Owen and Louis Blanc- What were their contributions?

Robert Owen

• Welsh, a socialist who created a socialist community in Indiana called, New Harmon.y

Louis Blanc

• First socialist to hold a government position. Came to work in professional government in french after the 1848 revolutions.

Scale of Socialism

1. Communism: Command, government controls all means of production

2. Socialism: Mixed, government controls some means of production and regulates all industry

3. Capitalism: Market, government Laissez-Faire

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich engels (1820-1895) Communism

• Communist Manifesto, 1848

  • History is the history of class struggle

  • Bourgeoisie (Middle class) vs. Proletariat (Working class)

  • Stage of History

  • In the end, it would be a classless society

  • Marx, Das Kapital

• Three things Marx got wrong

1. Emerging Middle class

2. Government intervention before the revolution

3. Humans are selfish by nature

Economy

• Traditional: Decisions regarding production are based on customs beliefs rituals and habi.ts

  • Bartering, trading for services, tribal, feudalism, agricultural

  • No countries other than Indigenous tribes

• Market: The people decide how money is spent. People decide on a career. The government has little interference. Laissez-Faire. Competition

  • Capitalism

  • Countries: USA

• Mixed: Government and people share decisions on how money is spent. The government does have some say, people are free to purchase what they like.

  • Socialism

  • Countries: Most Europe countries and Canada 

• COMMand: Government determines how money is spent. Determines carers are highly involved in all economic decisions

  • COMMunism

  • Countries: USSR, China, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba

Unit 11 - chapter 22       The age of nationalism and realism

• Nationalism - intense pride in one nation and culture

  • Fueled by French dominance in europe (Napoleonic wars)

  • Helps drive the 19th century. Liberal reactions to the conservative response to the French Revolution

    • Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

    • Unification of Italy - Cavour

    • Unification of Germany - bismarck

    • Realpolitik

  • This leads to an alliance system and a divided europe

• Louis Napoleon

  • Not allowed to stand for re-election. Seixe government by force (1852)

  • Restore universal male suffrage and seek to restore France ending restrictions enforced by the congress 35 years previous.

• 2nd Napoleonic empire

  • Assumed title Napoleon III, Dec 2, 1852

  • Authoritarian government

  • Economic prosperity- encourages industrialization and massive infrastructure projects.

  • Reconstructed and modernized of Paris - Baron HaussmannThe opposition brought about some liberalization led to the legalization of unions+strikes

  • Opposition was allowed more political freedom.

Napoleon III Foreign Policy

• Mexico - installs an emperor to protect European markets. Mexican forces overthrew and executed him, humiliating the French.

• The Crimean War was an attempt by European powers to weaken the Ottoman Empire further. Russia attacked first, and France and Britain decided to protect the Ottomans so Russia could not ruin the balance of power. It was a poorly fought war, but the Allies won.

  • Charge of the light brigade - Britain suicide charge

  • Florence Nightingale - doctor and advocated for sanitary living conditions

  • Opening act for WWI

• This leads to the establish of realpolitik and the end of romanticism (for a little bit)

Unification of Italy

• Risorgimento-Italian unification movement

• King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia appointed Cavour, who believed in Realpolitik, a strong politician.

• Garibaldi and red shirts

Unification of Germany

• Accession to the throne King Wilhelm I (Prussia) appointed Bismarck prime minster practiced realpolitik

• Bismarck, unchallenged in power in Prussia, sought to unify German strategists, never went to war with more than one enemy, made loose alliances, and made sure enemies were isolated diplomatically.

The Wars of Bismark and Unification

• Danish War- Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark and took northern German states.

• Austro-Prussian war- Worked very fragile peace with Russia and France to isolate Austria from its allies. Creates the northern German confederation. This led to the creation of the Reichstag.

• Franco-Prussian war- France was mad by the possibility of HohenzollernLeopoldd being offered Spain's throne. Francedemandedd Wilhelm, I apologize. Bismarck instead insulted France, stating war. France trounced, and Napoleon III captured

  • January 18, 1871- at Versailles, Wilhelm I declared Kaiser of Germany.

Elsewhere

• Austria-Hungary- after the loss in the Austrian-Prussian War, Austria united with Hungary, and a  dual monarchy (Habsburg-Magyers) attempted to control the Balkans and Slavic (Led to major issues)

• Russia- after the loss in the Crimean War, Tsar Alexander II realized Russia had issues. Abolish serfdom and allow some local control. Assanated, his son Alexader III returns to Russia to an oppressive rule and institutes pogroms.

• Great Britain- Victorian Age (Queen Victoria 1837-1901)

  • Time marked by the queen's morality and sense of duty, GB experiences a century of unrivaled prosperity. Also, there is an established political divide between conservative and liberal prime ministers (Disraeli and Gladstone)

    • Disraeli (conservative)- Reform Act 1867. Allowed larger suffrage

    • Gladstone (liberal)- eliminates patronage and pushes civil service reform. Introduced secret ballet, eliminating the purchasing of military commissions. Pushes the availability of public primary education.

North America

• United States- American Civil War, the difference between North and South, cotton economy, the election of Lincoln, a succession of South Carolina 1860, Civil War 1861-1865, the North had the advantage, Grant and Lee and the war’s end.

• Canada- Great Britain Canada gained autonomy in 1867 due to financial issues and fears of civil war moving to Canada.

Advances in European society and science during the 19th century

• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)- On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection 1859

  • All plants and animals have evolved over a long time

  • Those that survived had adapted to the environment

• The Descent of Man, 1871

  • Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted

  • Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”

• Realism

  • Realistic novel-rejected romanticism

    • Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary

    • William Thackeray, Vanity Fair

    • Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist

  • Realism in art-portrayal of everyday life, scenes from rural life

    • Gustave Courbet

    • Jean-Francois Millet

  • Twilight of Romanticism in music

    • Franz Liszt

    • Richard Wagner

    • The Ring of the Nibelung