Unit 10 - Chapter 21 Age of ISMs (1815-1850)

Industrialization changes the world. Most of what comes next is due to the liberalization brought about by IR. It will bring radical changes and radical ideas.

  • The conservative movement in Europe is challenged.


The problem of the industrial world

  • Urbanization

  • Pollution (unsanitary, long-term environmental effects)

  • New economic philosophies

  • Roles of government

  • Militarization ( efficient ways to kill)


Conservation: slowing down of progress (stagnation) EX. Congress of Vienna, the concert of Europe, legitimacy, the balance of power. People; Metternich

Liberalism: Moving society forward (change) EX. Enlightenment and those who follow EX (economic), the wealth of nations, and capitalism. People: Malthus, Ricardo, Smith, John Stuart Mill- On Liberty 


Liberal Writers and Economists

  •  Thomas Malthus: 

    • Essay on the principles of population. Population growth is expected to outpace the growth of the food supply.

  • David Ricardo:

    • Principles of political economy. Increase in population, increase in workers, and decrease in wages.

  • Adam Smith:

    • The Wealth of Nations. The state should not interfere with economic matters..

  • John Stuart Mill:

    • On Liberty. Freedom of opinion with protection from the government and the majority.


Socialism

  • Reaction to the growth divide between rich and poor in europe society to the IR

  • A move for economic equality, not a radical takeover like Marx would later propose.

  • Robert Owen and Louis Blanc- What were their contributions?


Robert Owen

  • Welsh, a socialist who created a socialist community in Indiana called New Harmony.

Louis Blanc

  • First socialist to hold a government position. Came to work in professional government in french after the 1848 revolutions.


Scale of Socialism

  1. Communism: Command, government controls all means of production

  2. Socialism: Mixed, government controls some means of production and regulates all industry

  3. Capitalism: Market, government, Laissez-faire


Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich engels (1820-1895) Communism

  • Communist Manifesto, 1848

    • History is the history of class struggle

    • Bourgeoisie (Middle class) vs. Proletariat (Working class)

    • Stage of History

    • In the end, it would be a classless society

    • Marx, Das Kapital

  • Three things Marx got wrong

  1. Emerging Middle Class

  2. Government intervention before the revolution

  3. Humans are selfish by nature


Economy

  • Traditional: Production decisions are based on customs, beliefs, rituals, and habits.

    • Bartering, trading for services, tribal, feudalism, and agricultural

    • No countries other than Indigenous tribes

  • Market: The people decide how money is spent. People decide on a career. The government has little interference. Laissez-Faire. Competition

    • Capitalism

    • Countries: USA

  • Mixed: The government and people share decisions on how money is spent. The government does have some say, but people are free to purchase what they like.

    • Socialism

    • Countries: Most Europe countries and Canada 

  • COMMand: Government determines how money is spent. Determines that carers are highly involved in all economic decisions

    • COMMunism

    • Countries: USSR, China, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba





Unit 11 - chapter 22       The age of nationalism and realism

  • Nationalism - intense pride in one nation and culture

    • Fueled by French dominance in europe (Napoleonic wars)

    • It helped drive the 19th century. Liberal reactions to the conservative response to the French Revolution

      • Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

      • Unification of Italy - Cavour

      • Unification of Germany - Bismarck

      • Realpolitik

    • This leads to an alliance system and a divided europe

  • Louis Napoleon

    • Not allowed to stand for re-election. Seize government by force (1852)

    • Restore universal male suffrage and seek to restore France to the end of restrictions enforced by the congress 35 years previously.

  • 2nd Napoleonic empire

    • Assumed title Napoleon III, Dec 2, 1852

    • Authoritarian government

    • Economic prosperity- encourages industrialization and massive infrastructure projects.

    • Reconstructed and modernized Paris - Baron Haussmann's opposition brought about some liberalization, leading to the legalization of unions and strikes..

    • Opposition was allowed more political freedom.


Napoleon III's Foreign Policy

  • Mexico - installs an emperor to protect European markets. Mexican forces overthrew and executed him, humiliating the French.

  • The Crimean War was an attempt by European powers to weaken the Ottoman Empire further. Russia attacked first, and France and Britain decided to protect the Ottomans so Russia could not ruin the balance of power. It was a poorly fought war, but the Allies won.

    • Charge of the Light Brigade - Britain's suicide charge

    • Florence Nightingale - a doctor and advocate for sanitary living conditions

    • Opening act for WWI

  • This leads to the establishment of realpolitik and the end of romanticism (for a little bit)


Unification of Italy

  • Risorgimento-Italian unification movement

  • King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia appointed Cavour, who believed in Realpolitik, a strong politician.

  • Garibaldi and red shirts


Unification of Germany

  • Accession to the throne, King Wilhelm I (Prussia) appointed Bismarck prime minister, and practiced realpolitik.

  • Bismarck, unchallenged in power in Prussia, sought to unify German strategists, never went to war with more than one enemy, made loose alliances, and ensured enemies were isolated diplomatically.


The Wars of Bismarck and Unification

  • Danish War- Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark and took the northern German states.

  • Austro-Prussian Wareded a very fragile peace with Russia and France to isolate Austria from its northern German confederation, which led to the creation of the Reichstag.

  • Franco-Prussian War France was mad by the possibility of Hohenzollern Leopold being offered Spain's throne. France demanded that Wilhelm I apologize. Bismarck instead insulted France, stating war. France was routed, and Napoleon III was captured.

    • January 18, 1871- at Versailles, Wilhelm I declared Kaiser of Germany.

Elsewhere

  • Austria-Hungary- after the loss in the Austrian-Prussian War, Austria united with Hungary, and a dual monarchy (Habsburg-Magyar attempted to control the Balkans and peoples, end to major issues.

  • Russia- after the loss in the Crimean War, Tsar Alexander II realized Russia had issues. Abolish serfdom and allow some local control. Assassinated, his son, Alexander I, II, returns to Russia to an oppressive rule and institutes pogroms.

  • Great Britain- Victorian Age (Queen Victoria 1837-1901)

    • Time marked by the queen's morality and sense of duty, GB experiences a century of unrivaled prosperity. Also, there is an established political divide between conservative and liberal prime ministers (Disraeli and Gladstone)

      • Disraeli Conservative)- Reform Act 1867. Allowed larger suffrage

      • Gladstone (liberal)- eliminates patronage and pushes civil service reform. Introduced secret ballet, eliminating the purchasing of military commissions. Pushes the availability of public primary education.

North America

  • United States- American Civil War, the difference between North and South, cotton economy, the election of Lincoln, the secession of South Carolina 1in 860, the Civil War 1861-1865, the North had the advantage, Grant and Lee, a nd the war’s end.

  • Canada- Great Britain. Canada gained autonomy in 1867 due to financial issues and fears of civil war, and moved to Canada.


Advances in European society and science during the 19th century

  • Charles Darwin (1809-1882)- On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, 1859

    • All plants and animals have evolved over a long time

    • Those that survived had adapted to the environment

  • The Descent of Man, 1871

    • Ideas are highly controversial; gradually accepted

    • Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”

  • Realism

    • Realistic novel-rejected romanticism

      • Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary

      • William Thackeray, Vanity Fair

      • Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist

    • Realism in art-portrayal of everyday life, scenes from rural life

      • Gustave Courbet

      • Jean-Francois Millet

    • Twilight of Romanticism in music

      • Franz Liszt

      • Richard Wagner

      • The Ring of the Nibelung