APUSH p6

Second Industrial Revolution: A phase of rapid industrial growth in the late 19th century characterized by technological innovations like steel, electricity, and mass production.

Gilded Age: A period from the 1870s to the early 1900s marked by economic growth, political corruption, and stark social inequality in the U.S.

Panic of 1893: A severe economic depression triggered by the collapse of railroad companies and bank failures that led to widespread unemployment.

Union Pacific Railroad: A major railroad company responsible for constructing the transcontinental railroad from the east.

Central Pacific Railroad: The railroad company that built the western portion of the transcontinental railroad from California.

Pacific Railway Act of 1861: Legislation that provided federal support for the construction of the first transcontinental railroad.

Cornelius Vanderbilt: A wealthy businessman who monopolized the railroad and shipping industries during the 19th century.

Jay Gould: A controversial financier and railroad magnate known for his manipulative stock market practices.

Alexander Graham Bell: The inventor of the telephone, which revolutionized communication in the late 19th century.

Thomas Edison: An American inventor best known for developing the electric light bulb and founding the electric power industry.

George Westinghouse: An inventor and entrepreneur who developed the alternating current (AC) electrical system.

Nikola Tesla: A pioneering inventor and electrical engineer who contributed to the development of AC power systems.

John D. Rockefeller: The founder of Standard Oil, he monopolized the oil industry and became one of the wealthiest men in history.

Andrew Carnegie: A steel magnate who led the U.S. steel industry and later became a philanthropist.

J. Pierpont Morgan: A powerful financier who played a major role in the consolidation of industries and the banking system.

Sears, Roebuck and Company: A major American retailer that revolutionized shopping with mail-order catalogs in the late 19th century.

Molly Maguires: A secretive Irish-American group of coal miners who used violence to protest poor working conditions.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877: A nationwide strike by railroad workers protesting wage cuts, which led to widespread violence and federal intervention.

The Sand-Lot Incident: A violent confrontation in San Francisco during the 1870s, where anti-Chinese sentiments led to riots.

The Geary Act: An 1892 law that extended the Chinese Exclusion Act and required Chinese residents to carry certificates of residence.

National Labor Union: The first large-scale labor organization in the U.S., formed to advocate for workers' rights in the late 19th century.

The Knights of Labor: A broad labor organization advocating for the eight-hour workday, equal pay, and an end to child labor.

The Haymarket Affair: A violent confrontation during a labor rally in Chicago in 1886, leading to a crackdown on labor movements.

Samuel Gompers: The founder of the American Federation of Labor, which focused on improving conditions for skilled workers.

American Federation of Labor: A national organization formed to represent skilled workers and advocate for better wages and working conditions.

Homestead Steel Strike of 1892: A violent strike at Carnegie Steel over wage cuts that resulted in several deaths and a loss for labor.

Pullman Strike of 1894: A nationwide railroad strike led by Eugene V. Debs that shut down rail traffic and was broken up by federal troops.

Eugene V. Debs: A labor leader and founder of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), who was a key figure in the Pullman Strike.

Mother Jones: A prominent labor and community organizer known for her work advocating for miners' rights and child labor laws.

The New South: The economic transformation of the post-Civil War South, focusing on industrialization and a more diversified economy.

“Redeemers”: Southern Democrats in the late 19th century who aimed to restore white supremacy and reduce African American political power.

“Bourbons”: Conservative Southern leaders who opposed radical Reconstruction and sought to maintain white dominance.

The New West: Refers to the expanding western territories of the U.S. in the late 19th century, characterized by economic development and conflict with Native Americans.

Benjamin “Pap” Singleton: A former enslaved man who promoted African American migration to Kansas in the late 19th century as part of the Exoduster movement.

“Panning”: A method of gold mining where individuals use a pan to sift gold from sediment, commonly used during the Gold Rush.

George A. Custer: A U.S. Army officer famous for his defeat and death at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876.

Great Sioux War: A series of conflicts between the U.S. Army and Native American groups, primarily the Sioux, over land rights in the 1870s.

Demise of the Buffalo: The near extinction of buffalo herds in the late 19th century, due to overhunting and habitat destruction, which hurt Native American cultures dependent on them.

Range Wars: Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, and land speculators in the West over land use and resources during the late 19th century.

Frederick Jackson Turner: A historian who argued that the American frontier experience shaped the nation's democratic institutions and values.

Ghost Dance Movement: A religious movement among Native Americans in the late 19th century that hoped to restore Native lands and cultures through ritual dances.

Ellis Island: A major immigration station in New York Harbor where millions of immigrants passed through from 1892 to 1954.

Chinese Exclusion Act: An 1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the U.S., reflecting growing anti-Asian sentiment.

“Nativist”: A person who favors the interests of native-born Americans over those of immigrants and often advocates for restrictions on immigration.

Frederick Law Olmsted: A landscape architect who designed Central Park and many other public spaces in the U.S.

Education: During the Gilded Age, education reform focused on increasing public schooling and vocational training to prepare a growing industrial workforce.

Life & Leisure: The late 19th century saw the rise of consumer culture, sports, and entertainment, with innovations like department stores and amusement parks.

Herbert Spencer: A philosopher who applied Darwin's ideas to social theory, developing the concept of Social Darwinism, which justified inequality and laissez-faire capitalism.

Social Darwinism: The belief that society operates under the same "survival of the fittest" principles as natural selection, often used to justify social inequality.

Pragmatism: A philosophical movement led by William James that emphasized practical consequences and real-world applications over abstract ideals.

William James: A philosopher and psychologist who was a leading proponent of pragmatism, focusing on how ideas work in practice.

Reform Darwinism: The belief that human progress is shaped by cooperation and social reform, in contrast to the individualistic approach of Social Darwinism.

Political Machine: A political organization, typically associated with urban areas, that controls local politics and offers patronage in exchange for votes.

William “Boss” Tweed: A corrupt political boss who led New York City's Tammany Hall and exploited political patronage for personal gain.

Stalwarts: A faction of the Republican Party in the late 19th century that supported the political machine system and opposed civil service reform.

James Gillespie Blaine: A Republican politician and presidential candidate known for his influence over party politics during the late 19th century.

Mugwumps: Reform-minded Republicans who opposed political machines and corruption, often supporting Democratic candidates like Grover Cleveland.

Grover Cleveland: The only U.S. president to serve two non-consecutive terms, known for his conservative fiscal policies and commitment to limited government.

Election of 1888: A presidential election where Benjamin Harrison defeated Grover Cleveland, despite Cleveland winning the popular vote.

Granger Movement: A farmers' movement in the late 19th century that sought to address issues like railroad monopolies and agricultural prices.

Farmers’ Alliances: Agricultural organizations in the late 19th century that advocated for the interests of farmers, leading to the formation of the Populist Party.

Populist Party: A political party formed in the 1890s that represented farmers and laborers, advocating for bimetallism, government ownership of railroads, and other reforms.

Mary Elizabeth Lease: A prominent Populist speaker and advocate for farmers' rights, known for her calls for economic and political reform.

Depression of 1893: A severe economic downturn that led to widespread unemployment, bank failures, and industrial collapse.

William McKinley: The 25th president of the U.S., known for leading the country through the Spanish-American War and supporting a pro-business agenda.

William Jennings Bryan: A Democratic politician and three-time presidential candidate, known for his support of bimetallism and his "Cross of Gold" speech.

“Jim Crow” Laws: State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction.

Mississippi Plan: A strategy used in the 1890s to disenfranchise African American voters in the South through literacy tests, poll taxes, and other methods.

Plessy v. Ferguson: An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

“Separate but Equal”: A legal doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson that allowed racial segregation as long as facilities were supposedly equal.

Ida B. Wells: An African American journalist and activist who campaigned against lynching and worked for civil rights.

Booker T. Washington: A leading African American educator and founder of Tuskegee Institute, who advocated for vocational training and economic advancement.

WEB Du Bois: A co-founder of the NAACP and a leading African American intellectual who called for immediate civil rights and higher education for African Americans.

Yellow Journalism: Sensationalist journalism that exaggerated news stories to attract readers, often used in the late 19th century.

Roosevelt Corollary: An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin American countries to maintain stability.

Open Door Policy: A policy that promoted equal trade opportunities in China for all nations and opposed foreign spheres of influence.

Dr. Walter Reed: An American physician who helped identify the cause of yellow fever and led efforts to control it in Cuba.

De Lome Letter: A 1898 letter written by the Spanish ambassador that criticized President McKinley, contributing to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

Alfred Thayer Mahan: A naval strategist whose book, "The Influence of Sea Power upon History," influenced U.S. foreign policy and the expansion of the navy.

Social Gospel: A religious movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that sought to apply Christian ethics to social issues like poverty and inequality.

Settlement House: Community centers in urban areas that provided services such as education and healthcare to immigrants and the poor.

Jane Addams: A social reformer and co-founder of Hull House, a famous settlement house in Chicago.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement and co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement: A movement that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, led by women seeking to protect families and improve society.

National Woman's Suffrage Association: An organization founded by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony that worked for women’s right to vote.

“Muckrakers”: Journalists who exposed corruption, inequality, and social problems in society during the Progressive Era.

Upton Sinclair: A muckraker whose novel The Jungle exposed the harsh conditions of the meatpacking industry and led to reforms in food safety.

Taylorism: The application of scientific management principles to increase industrial efficiency and productivity.

Social Justice: The concept of creating a society where individuals are treated fairly and equitably, advocating for reforms to address inequality.

Progressive Movement: A political and social movement in the early 20th century that sought to address problems like corruption, inequality, and industrialization.

Florence Kelley: An advocate for labor rights, especially for women and children, who pushed for reform in working conditions.