Gasoline is a complex mixture of mainly alkanes (single bonded hydrocarbons) from 7-9 Carbons

Butyric acid causes body odor

Butane is for covering up body odor

You can change the type by taking off a carbon and making it a new branch!

A fuel octane rating means how controlled its explosion is

Ethanol is made from corn

Stoichiometry is a term used to describe quantitative relationships in chemistry.

Limiting reactant is the chemical that gets fully used in the reaction and the excess is the one that there was too much of to react

9/13/2024

Impurities hold reactions back from reaching theoretical yield

Percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%

Titration - limiting the limiter to get a precise amount

9/16/2024

NO2 primary pollutant of cars and such

• Nitrogen dioxide

That free electron at the end makes it very reactive and that’s the problem

Gas properties

Expand to fill the volume (V) of any container.

• Have much lower densities (d) than solids or

liquids.

• Have highly variable densities, depending on

conditions.

• Mix with one another readily and thoroughly.

• Change volume (V) dramatically with changing

temperature (T).

R is the universal gas constant.

• R = 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1: used in most gas equations

• R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 : used in equations involving energy

Pressure = force / area

Units of Pressure

• 1 torr = 1 mm Hg

• 1 atm = 760 torr (exactly)

• 1 atm = 101,325 Pa

(exactly)

• 760 torr = 101,325 Pa

(exactly)

9/20/2024

Trace analysis: the detection of chemicals present at extremely low levels

Non-destructive testing: does not require

that that samples be decomposed or

otherwise damaged

 Many trace analysis techniques rely on

microscopy or spectroscopy and take

advantage of the fact that different

elements have specific and characteristic

properties

C = speed of light = 3 x 10^8 m/s

C = frequency * wavelength

Photoelectric effect: light striking a

metal surface causes electrons to be

ejected.

• Energy from the light is transferred to

electrons in the metal.

• With sufficient energy, electrons

“break free” of the metal.

• Electrons given more energy move

faster (have higher kinetic energy)

when they leave the metal.

Periodic Table of Elements

• Names and symbols of elements (e.g., "C" for Carbon, "No" for Nobelium)

/

Common Cations and Anions

• Monatomic ions and their charges

• Polyatomic ions and their charges (e.g., sulfate, ammonium)

Solubility Rules

• Solubility of compounds (e.g., nitrates are always soluble)

Alkanes and Organic Functionalities

• First ten alkanes (e.g., methane, ethane) with formulas

• Organic functionalities (e.g., alcohol, carboxylic acid)

Nomenclature

• Empirical formulas of ionic compounds

• Naming binary inorganic compounds and oxoacids

Chemical Equations

• Balancing chemical equations

• Identifying reactants and products

Mass-to-Mole Calculations

• Converting mass to moles and vice versa (stoichiometry)

Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

• Identifying limiting and excess reactants

• Calculating percent yield from theoretical and actual yields

Solution Stoichiometry

• Molarity and volume calculations

• Acid-base titration problems

Ideal Gas Law & Combined Gas Law

• PV = nRT calculations

• Combined gas law (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2)

Molecular Weight and Density

• Calculating molecular weight from density using the ideal gas law

Kinetic Molecular Theory

• Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

• Mean free path and kinetic energy

van der Waals Equation

• Real gas behavior and van der Waals correction factors

Electromagnetic Spectrum and Photoelectric Effect

• Wavelength, frequency, and energy relationships

• Ephoton = Binding Energy + Kinetic Energy

Atomic Spectra and Quantum Numbers

• Energy level transitions (ΔE) in atoms

• Quantum numbers and orbital types (s, p, d, f)

Electron Configuration

• Electron configuration rules (Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion, Hund's rule)

• Ground-state configurations for ions

Periodic Trends

• Atomic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity trends