Hieroglyphs-The writing system of ancient Egypt, which consisted of different symbols, some pictorial and some phonetic, used on official inscriptions

Monotheism- Belief in only one god

Sargon-The first ruler to unify Mesopotamia. Changed the language of administration to Akkadian

Hammurabi’s Code-First law code developed, consisted of 282 laws, 25 of which were criminal offenses

Ramses II-One of the greatest Pharaohs, with him being a successful military commander and a strong ruler

Abraham-Father of the three major religions(christianity, Judaism, Islam)

Chapter 3

Dharma-A sanskrit term meaning correct conduct according to law or custom; Buddhists, including Ashoka, used this concept to refer to the teachings of Buddha

Karma-The sum of one’s deeds in this life and all earlier existences that determines one’s rebirth in the next life

Buddha-The founder of the buddhist religion, siddhartha Gautama also called the Buddha or the enlightened one

Nirvana-A sanskrit word that literally means “extinction” as when the flame on a candle goes out. In Buddhism the terom took on a broader meaning: those who followed the eightfold Path and understood the Four Noble Truths would gain true Understanding

Brahmin-Highest ranking of India's four castes. They were Priests

Dalits-Lowest ranking of India's four castes. They were called the untouchables

Chapter 4

Mandate of Heaven-The Chinese belief that Heaven, the generalized Forces of the Cosmos(not the abode of the dead), chose the rightful ruler. China's rulers believed that Heaven would send signs before withdrawing its mandate

Confucianism-The term for the main tenets of the thought of Confucius,,which emphasized the role of Ritual in bringing out people’s inner humanity(a quality translated variously as “benevolence”, “goodness” or “man at his best”)

Daoism-A chinese belief system dating back to at least 300 B.C.E, that emphasized the “way” a concept expressed in Chinese as “dao”. The way of the early Daoist teachers included meditation, breathing techniques and special eating regimes

Legalism-A school of Thought, originating in the fourth Century B.C.E and associated with Qin dynasty rulers, that emphasized promotion for officials and soldiers alike on the basis of merit and job performance not heredity

SunTzu-Great chinese general who wrote the Art of War

Confucius-A teacher who made his living by tutoring students. Known only through the Analects, the record of conversations with his students that they wrote down after his death

Laozi-Founder of Daoism

Wu (Wudi)-First and only Woman emperor of China.

Chapter 5

Mesoamerica-The region that includes the southern two-thirds of modern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica

Olmec-A complex society that arose on the Gulf of Mexico coast from Modern-Day Veracruz to Tabasco. Known particularly for its massive Colossal heads hewn from Basalt

Maya-Indigenous people living in modern-day Yucatan, Belize, Honduras and Guatemala. Their complex society reached its height during the classic period, when they used a fully developed written language

Maize-Corn, native to americans and many native american tribes used this as one of their three major crops

Three sisters farming-Made up of Corn, Bean and Squash. Corn placed on small hills followed by beans around the corn with squash planted around the beans

Chapter 6

Herodotus-A Greek speaking historian born in Halicarnassus. Author of the Histories, an investigation of the history, folklore, geography, plants and customs of the known world. Known as the father of history

Zoroastrianism- Iranian religion for Zarathustra(in persian Zoroaster in greek)who taught that a host of good deities and evil demons,all in perpetual conflict, populate the spiritual world

Cyrus-Founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in Iran. A Native ofPersis,Cyrus staffed his administration with many persians as well as Medes, the tribe he defeated when he took power

Phoenicians-a sea-going people who, around 900B.C.E, expanded outward from their base on the mediterranean coast of modern day Lebanon. Their alphabet which only used letters with no pictorial symbols, is the ancestor of the Roman Alphabet

Hellenism-Formerly seen as a one-way stream of influence in which non-Greek peoples adopted Greek Language, education, sculpture,architecture and other customs but more recently understood as a two-way process, with non-Greeks and Greeks influencing each other.

Phoenicians:Means purple people

Croesus-King of Lydia, extremely wealthy. Ruled until he was defeated by Cyrus the Great

Minos-King of Crete, credited with constructing the labyrinth that housed the minotaur. Also means King in Greek

Helen-Face that launched 1,000 ships, kidnapped by Paris

Paris-Man who kidnapped Helen, later killed

Homer-Transcriber of the Odyssey and Iliad

The Iliad-Prequel to the Odyssey, tells the story of Odysseus and other leaders sacking and taking Troy in order to retrieve Helen

The Odyssey-Tells the story of Odysseus’s return from Troy, taking twenty years in order to get home

Polis-A city state, the community structure of Ancient Greece.

Zeus- Chief god in Ancient Greece

Socrates-Philosopher who taught Plato. Best known for the Socratic Method.

Alexander III-Also known as Alexander the Great,

Eratosthenes-Greek mathematician and geographer who calculated the circumference of the earth. Was only off by 50 miles

Chapter 7-7.2

Carthage-A city in Modern-Day Tunisia originally founded by the Pheonicians. Rome's main rival for control of the mediterranean

Punic Wars-Three wars that Rome and Carthage fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E, all won by Rome

Julius Caesar-Rome's most successful military commander in the first century B.C.E, who was named dictator by the senate in 49 b.C.E

Augustus-The name meaning “revered” that Octavian received from the senate when he became princeps or first citizen of rome in 27 B.C.E

Patricians-Ruling class of Rome

Plebeians-Poor, lower class of rome

Princeps Civitatis-Official title of a Roman emperor, means first Citizen

Nero-Roman Emperor who used Christians as candles in his garden; accused of starting the great fire of Rome, where he was executed for it

Praetorian Guard-The elite unit of the Roman army that served as Personal bodyguards and intelligence agents

Chapt 7.3 7.4

Jesus-Jewish preacher believed by Christians to be the Messiah, the figure who would bring salvation and, through atonement, eternal life to those who believed in him

Paul-An influential early christian leader who traveled widely in Modern-Day Turkey, cyprus and Greece t teach about early Christianity

Constantine-Roman emperor who issued the Edict of Milan, the first imperial ruling that allowed the practice of Christianity and who shifted the capital from Rome to the new city of Constantinople(modern day Istanbul, Turkey)

Theodosius-Last Roman emperor to rule the Entire Roman empire before its administration was permanently split between west and east

Theodoric-Ruler of the Ostrogoths who ruled the conquered Western Roman Empire

Chapter 8

Tang Dynasty-Dynasty that represented a political and cultural high point in Chinese history. The Tang emperors combined elements of the Qin/Han blueprint for empire with new measures to create a model of governance that spread to Tibet, Korea and Japan

Yamato-Ruling family of Japan, all leaders came from the Yamato Clan

Chapter 9

Muhammad-Belived by Muslims to be the last prophet who received GOd’s revelations directly from the angel Gabreil. The first leader of the Muslim community

Caliph-literally “successor” before 945, the caliph was the successor to Muhammad and the supreme political and religious leader of the Islamic world. After 945 the Caliph had no political power but served as the religious leader of all Muslims

Abu Bakr-The first caliph, and advisor to the prophet Muhammad.

Ali-Cousin of Muhammad, was the 4th Caliph before being murdered

Abraham-Father of Three Faiths

Ishmael-Man believed by Muslims to be the one Abraham was going to sacrifice, not Jacob.

Chapter 10

Byzantine Empire-Eastern Half of the Roman Empire after the loss of the western half in 476. Sometimes simply called Byzantium.

Justinian Corpus of Civil Law-Consisting of the Code, the Digest, and the INstitutes, this compendium preserved the core of Roman law for succeeding ages

Carolingian dynasty- An important aristocratic family that overthrew the Merovingian rulers in 751. Their most powerful ruler was Charlsemagne. After his death, the empire was split into three sections, each under a different carolingian ruler

Justinian I-Byzantine emperor, who developed the Justinian code and was emperor during the plagues

Charles Martel-Mayor of the Palace, Rallied a Frankish army to beat Muslim army advancing towards France

Charles I-Also known as Charlesmagne, greatest Carolingian ruler

Chapter 11

Griot-Royal storytellers who served as advisers to the rulers of Mail and other West African states. (A griotte is a female storyteller)

Mali-Kingdom founded in 1230 by Sundiata in West Africa. Generated Revenue by taxing caravans of the trans-Saharan trade

Mansa Musa-Emperor of Mali, promised that converts would have protection and safety in Mecca. If where he stopped didn’t have a mosque, he ordered one built. Brought and gave out gold and its dust

Chapter 12

Zen Buddhism-A japanese school of Buddhism that emphasized attaining Enlightenment through meditation

Bushido-Code Samurai followed. The 7 rules were Righteousness, Loyalty, Honor, Respect, honesty, Courage and Consistency.

Daimyo-Leaders of Warrior bands, had castles built

Chapter 13

guilds-Associations formed by members of the same trade or merchant group that regulated prices and working hours

feudal-A term that came into use after 1600 as a legal concept and refers to the legal and social system in Europe from 1000 to 1400, in which serfs worked the land and subordinates preformed military service for their lords in return for Protection

friars-Members of the begging orders established in Europe between 1100 and 1200, of which the franciscans were best known

Crusader-Term that indicated anyone who attached a cross to his or her clothes as a sign of belonging to a large, volunteer force against the Muslims between 1095 and 1291

Primogeniture-All land and houses, in which the oldest has the right to succession

Thomas Aquinas-One of the most famous scholastic thinkers and a member of the Dominican order; author of summa theologiae which interpreted difficult theological questions

St Francis-Founded the Franciscan order

Saladin-Important muslim ruler in Egypt, fought the crusaders for control of Jerusalem

Reconquista-Series of military campaigns done by European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim armies

Chapter 14

Ottomans-Group of Turkic Muslim Nomads who gained control of the Anatolia region in Modern Turkey around 1300, THeir conquest of COnstantinople in 1453 marked the end of the Byzantine empire

Janissaries-an elite corps of slaves trained as professional soldiers in the Ottoman military, Janissary soldiers were Christian youths from the Balkans who were pressed into service and forced to convert to Islam

Chinggis Khan-FOunder of the Mongol empire who united the different peoples living in modern-day mongolia in 1206, when he took the title of Chinggis Khan

Khubilial Khan-Grandson of Chinggis Khan, Was the 5th emperor of the Yuan dynasty, which he started in 1279 when he finished his conquest of China

Chapter 15

Aztec Empire-An empire based in tenochtitlan(modern day Mexico City) that ruled over 4 to 6 million people in Modern-day Mexico and Guatemala

Tenochtitlan-Capital city of the Aztec empire, which the Mexica reclaimed from the swampland with a population of some two hundred thousand people

Inca Empire-Andean empire founded in 1438 by Pachakuti which ruled over a peak population of 10 to 12 Million

The Humanism- Intellectual movement began around 1350 in Italy by scholars who opposed Scholasticism. Emphasized the study of the humanities, which included traditional fields like logic, grammar, arithmetic and music and newer fields like language, history, literature, and philosophy

Renaissance-Literally “rebirth” Term used to refer to the period of humanist revival in Europe. Most historians now play down this term, recognizing that the intellectual advances of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries underpinned those of the humanist era.

Hernan Cortes-Spanish conqueror who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico

Malinche-A Nahua woman who contributed to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

Moctezuma-9th and last emperor of the Aztec Empire, died after being shot by Spanish soldiers

Francisco Pizarro-A spanish conquistador that led the spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

Petrarch-Scholar and poet, one of the earliesst Humanists

Johannes Gutenberg-The inventor of the printing press

Christopher Columbus-Led three voyages to the new world, claimed lots of land as Spains, set up colonies

Ignatius of Loyola-Founder of the Jesuit order, after he got injured as a soldier and read the bible

Renaissance terms and people

Renaissance-Literally “rebirth”. Term used to refer to the period of Humanist revival in Europe. Most historians now play down this term, recognizing that the intellectual advances of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries underpinned those of the humanist era

Lorenzo Ghiberti-Italian painter and sculpture. Best known for the Gates of Paradise

The Gates of Paradise-doors out on the baptistry of St. John, they depict scenes from the old and new testament

Niccolo Machiavelli-Writer of the Prince, was an author, philosopher and historian

Leonardo da Vinci-Painter, sculpture and inventor whose best known for the Mona Lisa and Vintruvian Man

Michaelangelo-Painter and sculpture whos best known for the frescoes on the ceiling of the SIstine Chapel

Flippo Brunelleschi-Architect who designed the dome of the Duomo and other buildings

Dante Aligheri-Writer of the Divine Comedy

William Shakespeare-famous playwright, poet and actor, best known for Romeo and Juliet.

Chapter 16

joint-stock companies-Business organizations in which, shares are sold to multiple stockholders to raise funds for trading ventures, while spreading both Risk and Profit; often backed by government charters granting monopolies of trade in particular goods or with specific regions

Bourgeoisie-The french term for Urban middle-class society- people with education and property but without aristocratic titles

Catholic Reformation-Reform movement in the catholic church also called the counter reformation that developed in response to the Protestant reformation. The church clarified church doctrines and instituted a program for better training of Priests

Vasco da Gama-Portugese explorer and first european to reach India by sea

Martin Luther-German Theologian who began the protestant reformation with the publication of the ninety five theses, which attacked the churchs sale of indulgences

Galileo Galilei-Polumath, first to report on Telescopic observations, also proved that the earth wasn’t the center of the solar system, but that the sun was.

Chapter 17

Süleyman-Credited with the development of the literature, art, architecture, and law nd for inclusive policies toward religious minorities suleyman extended the ottoman empire whhile maintaining its economic and political sability

Sufi-Islamic mysitc in which adherents follow a set of specified pratices, often involving mediation and rhythmic movement in an attempt to become closer to god. Sufis pay great respect to the leaders of their brotherhoods even after death, often erecting shrines, which they visit as saints’ tombs.

John Calvin-Prodestant leader whose followers emphasized individual scriptural study and the absolute sovereignty of god.

Louis XIV-King of France whose inability to adequately reform the French fiscal system laid the foundation for the French Revolution. After showing reluctance to rule as a constitutional monarch, Louis was arrested and beheaded by republican revolutionaries

Puritans-Seventeenth-century reformers of the Church of England who attempted to purge the church of all catholic influences. They were Calvinists who emphasized Bible reading, simplicity and modesty, and the rejection of priestly authority and elaborate rituals.

Prussia-With its capital at Berlin, Prussia was the rising German power of the eighteenth century. Its military Prowess set it in compition with Habsburg Austria for infulence over the many German-Speaking kingdoms and principalities.

Charles I/V-King of both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire

Philip II-Son of CHarles V and King od spain. Considering himself a defender of Catholicism, Phillip launched attaches on Protestants in England and the Netherlands

Huguenots-French Protestants, Largely Calvinists

Cardinal Richelieu-First Prime Minister in Europe, put what was best for France over what was best for the Catholic Church, worked with Louis XIV

Louis XIV-Also called the Sun king, he moved and held court in Versailles after realizing that Paris was too crowded

Henry VIII-English king who got the title defender of the church by the Pope, had 6 wives, 5 of which he either divorced or killed, with the last one outliving him

Elizabeth I-Queen of England, well liked and didn’t marry.

Oliver Cromwell-puritan leader who organized opposition to Charles continued catholic Influences on the Church of England. Got the Title Defender of Lords

Charles II-CHarles I son. Was invited back from exile by Parliament to reestablish the monarchy.

Diaspora-The dispersion or spread of people from their original homeland, specifically Jews

Enlightenment and American Revolution

René Descartes-French Scientist, Mathematician, and philosopher who developed the deductive method of reasoning(moving from one general principles to particular facts)

Sir Francis Bacon-English politician, essayist, and philosopher who argued for inductive reaoning-working from observation of natural phenomena to larger truths

Isaac Newton-Skilled theoretical and experimental scientist who did more than anyone to create a new systematic architecture for science by stating the universal laws of gravitation. Also one of the inventors of differential calculus, he undertook extensive experiments with optics that led to much more powerful telescopes

Enlightenment-European philosophical movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that stressed the use of reason rather than the authority of ancient philosophers or religious leaders, in descriptions of society and the natural world.

John Locke-Philosopher who applied Bacon’s inductive reasoning to the study of politics and argued that a stable social order is based on a contract between rulers and ruled and requires the safeguarding of “life, liberty and property”

Voltaire-The pen name of Francois-Marie-Arouet, one of the most prominent Enlightenment writers who used satire to critique the irrationality of French society

George Washington-Commander of the Continental Army in the American war of Independence from Britain; also the first president of the United States of America

Declaration of Independence-Document written by Thomas Jeffersonjustifying the separation of Britain's north american colonies, declaring them free and independent states

Social Contract-A group of people agree to give up certain rights and accept a central authority to protect their other rights

Adam Smith-18th century scottish philosopher, father of modern economics.

Thomas Jefferson- Author of the Declaration of Independence and the 3rd President of the United States of America

Thomas Paine-Writer of “Common Sense”, which called for American colonies to be freed, stating that no where in nature does a smaller nation rule a larger nation

Baron de Montesquieu-Enlightenment Philosopher who argues that the executive, legislative and judicial functions should be assigned to different bodies so no one branch has the right to infringe on political liberty and they might be restrained by the other branches

Chapter 23

Industrial Revolution-Changes that began in the late eighteenth century Britian and transformed the global economy by creating new markets for Raw materials and finished goods; accpompanied by technological changes that revolutionized production processes, living and working conditions and the environment

James Watt-Scottish inventor who developed the worlds first powerful and cost effective steam engine; one of the most important contributors to Britain's industrial revolution

Henry Bessemer-Made steel and iron easier to produce

Luddites-People who opposed the industrialization of things who often resorted to sabotaging machines

Adam Smith-Scottish economist who wrote the wealth of nations

Samuel Morse-He and his business partner made Morse Code and the Telegraph

Robert Owen-Bought a cotton mill to make workers lives better, went bankrupt

Karl Marx-German author and philosopher who founded the Marxist branch of socialism; wrote the Manifesto of the communist party and Das Kapital

Charles Darwin-English natural historian, geologist and proponent of the theory of evolution.

Longer Answered Questions

Dead Reckoning

Dropping a barrel or something that floats, into the water and timing how long it takes to get to the back of the ship. That told you how fast you were going

Cortes and the Aztecs

Landed at Veracruz in February 1519, Helped a Friar who could speak Aztec.

He used Natives who had been conquered to help him with his conquest

Was invited to enter Tenochtitlan in November of 1519.

He had 530 men

His men were called Pigs by the natives because after the warm welcome they kept demanding more and more gold.

He took Montzuma II hostage and demanded a lot of gold to get him back

During an apparent attempt to try and get their ruler back, spanish forces opened fire on Aztec civilians killing over 200 of them. In the midst of this fight Montzuma II was killed

After this they decided it was time to leave and tried sneaking out in the middle of the night, with all the gold they took from the natives. The Aztecs realized what was going on and sounded the Alarm, The bridge was pulled back killing some of Corez’s men when they drowned while carrying the gold.

Cortez was angry at them for this and lay siege to the city.

He destroyed the Aquaducts to the city, and lay siege with cannons brought ashore from ships.

After 53 days the City surrendered to the Spanish marking the end of the Aztec Empire

The Voyages of Christopher Columbus

1st voyage began in 1492 when spain agreed to sponsor his trip and agreed to give him 1/10 of all treasure and trade found in the new world

Left for canary islands on august 6th with three ships: the pinta, mina and santa maria (his flagship)

Used Dead Reckoning and running the parallels for navigation

On october 12th at 2AM land was sited. Columbus unrightfully claimed a pension meant for the person who first sited land. (this exposed his selfishness)

On Christmas Day 1492 the Santa Maria sank on a sandbar and Columbus ordered a Fort to be built, Fort Navidad

Later When Columbus returned to Fort Navidad, he found it had been burned and everyone who stayed there dead.

Columbus returned and ordered the Natives be converted to Christianity. Refusal to do so resulted in death.

2nd Voyage was his greatest voyage he had 17 ships and 1200 men.

Started demanding tribute from Natives. The natives began to be seen as disposable. Even going so far as to use them for sword practice

Disease killed almost all of the tano

On his third voyage he was sent home in chains (abuses of governing)

His wealth and lands were stripped.

However he appealed to the king and he got everything back

On his 4th voyage he tried to warn the governer of Hispanolia of a big storm. The governor refused and he subsequently lost 29 of his 30 ships.

Columbus got hit by another hurricane and was stranded in jamaica. The governor offered no help

The Reformation

The catholic church used to sell indulgences (used to lessen time in purgatory)

Collected this money for St. Peter’s Basilica

Church was rich

Pope had ⅓ land in Europe; Bishops and popes lived lavish lives

If they sold enough, they get to keep the extra money

John Wycliff questioned church doctrine and stood up against corruption. He was sentenced to death.

John Hus didn’t believe in indulgences and continued Wycliffe’s beliefs. He allowed people to read the bible in their languages. Burned at the stake for heresy.

Martin Luther was a German who made a deal with god to become a monk if he survived a bad thunderstorm, he believed he was doomed to hell as a sinner(not among the elect) and therefore did not care about indulgences

After Luther’s friend stopped going to confession due to indulgences, he knew something was wrong

Oct 31, 1517 at the Town of Wittenberg; He put up the 95 Theses on a door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. These were questions about the church

He wanted to have a discussion and the church went after him.

At the Diet of Worms, he was put on trial and ordered to renounce what he said. He refused, was excommunicated by Leo X, and declared an outlaw by Charles V

He made Lutheranism - salvation achieved by faith alone. Rejected 5 of the 7 sacraments. They don’t care about the Pope, and rejected the idea of transubstantiation (turning bread into Body)

This reformation caused priests, who were ill trained, to step it up.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1572 - the crescendo of Catholic inflicted persecution.

Began as an anti-Protestant conspiracy lead by the French king’s mother.

The assasination of Huguenot leaders followed by riotous assaults on Protestants beginning in Paris and spreading across the country

Tens of thousands of Huguenots were butchered.

Greatly crippled the Protestant communities of France.

Boston Massacre

On March 5th, 1770, an apprentice yells at a British Captain for not paying for a wig, not knowing that he just went to pay for it. He follows him while yelling to his office. Eventually, the soldier outside the office hits him with his club. 12 more soldiers went outside. The docks let off and a crowd formed. They threw ice balls at the soldiers. When one soldier got knocked over, the Commander ordered them to “not fire”, but they fired. 5 people died and they took all of the soldiers out of the city. John Adams was on the defense of the soldiers and he got most of them acquitted, but two got called for manslaughter. Paul Revere made an etching for propaganda purposes.

Note