Anatomy: the study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts

Physiology: the study of how the body and it's parts work or function

Levels of study:

• Gross anatomy

  • large structures

  • easily observable

• Microscopic anatomy

  • small structures

  • easily observable

Levels of organization

1. chemical level

2. cellular level

3. tissue level

4. organ level

5. organ system level

6. organism

Organ System Overview

• Integumentary

  • forms the external body covering (skin)

  • protects deeper tissue from injury

  • helps regulate body temperature

  • location of cutaneous nerve receptors

• Skeletal

  • protects and supports body organs (cartilages, joints, bones)

  • provides muscle attachment for movement

  • site of blood cell formation

  • stores minerals

• Muscular

  • produces movement (skeletal muscles)

  • maintains posture

  • produces heat

• Nervous

  • fast- acting control system (brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves)

  • responds to internal and external change/stimulus

  • activates muscles and glands

• Endocrine

  • secretes regulatory hormones

  • growth, reproduction, metabolism

• Cardiovascular

  • transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

  • oxygen

  • carbon dioxide

  • nutrients

  • wastes

• Lymphatic

  • returns fluids to blood vessels

  • cleanses the blood

  • involved in immunity

• Respiratory

  • keeps blood supplied with oxygen

  • removes carbon dioxide

• Digestive

  • breaks down food

  • allows for nutrient absorption into blood

  • eliminates indigestible material

• Urinary

  • eliminates nitrogenous wastes

  • maintains acid- base balance

  • regulates water and electrolytes

• Reproductive

  • produces offspring

Necessary life functions

• maintain boundaries

• movement

  • locomotion

  • movement of substance

• responsiveness

  • ability to sense changes and react

• digestion

  • breakdown and absorption of nutrients

• metabolism: chemical reactions within the body

  • produces energy

  • makes body structures

• excretion

  • eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

• reproduction

  • produces future generation

• growth

  • increases cell size and number of cells

Survival needs

1. nutrients

   • chemicals for energy and cell building

   • carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals

2. oxygen

   • required for chemical reactions

   • inhaled air is about 20% oxygen (15% in exhaled air)

   • humans use about 550 liters (19 cubic feet) of oxygen per daily

3. water

   • 60 to 80% of body weight

   • provides for metabolic reaction

4. stable normal temperature

   • normal: 36.5/37.5°C or 97.7/99.5°F

   • hypothermia: <35.0°C or <95.0°F

   • hyperthermia/fever: > 37.5- 38.30°C or >99.5- 100.9°F

Homeostasis

• maintenance of stable internal environment

• homeostasis is necessary for functioning

• homeostatic imbalance- a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis

• the body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

• receptor

  • responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

  • sends info to the control center

• control center

  • determines set point

  • analyzes info

  • determines appropriate response

• effector

  • provides a means for response to the stimulus

• feedback mechanisms

  • negative feedback

    1. includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

    2. shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces it’s intensity

    3. works like a thermostat

  • positive feedback

    1. increases original stimulus

    2. blood clotting or giving birth

afferent- Afferent neurons are the neurons that carry sensory impulses towards the CNS.

efferent- Efferent neurons are the neurons that carry motor impulses away from the CNS

CNS- central nervous system