age distribution:  The proportionate numbers of persons in successive age categories in a given population.

age structure: The composition of a population by age and sex, often visualized in a population pyramid.

agricultural density: The number of people per unit of arable land.

Anti- Natalist Policies: Government policies aimed at reducing population growth, often through incentives or restrictions on family size.

arithmetic density: The number of people per unit of land area. Population/Area

chain migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or friends have already settled there.

child mortality rate:  The number of deaths of children under five years old per 1,000 live births.

Cornucopian Theory:  The belief that technological advancements will solve resource shortages and environmental problems.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The number of live births per 1,000 people.

Crude Death Rate (CDR):  The number of deaths per 1,000 people.

demographic equation: The formula for calculating population growth: Population = Population(previous year) + Births - Deaths + Net Migration.

Demographic Transition Model (DMT): A model that describes the stages of population growth and decline in a country. 5 stages.

Demography: The study of population characteristics.

dependency ratio: The ratio of people who are not of working age (children and elderly) to those who are. (14 - 65)

doubling time: The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size.

Emigration: The movement of people out of a country.

forced migration: Migration caused by factors beyond an individual's control, such as war, government persecution, or natural disasters.

Guest workers: Individuals who migrate to a country temporarily to work, often in low-skilled jobs.

Immigration: The movement of people into a country.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):  The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

Internal migration:  Migration within a country.

Lee’s Migration Model: A model that explains the factors influencing migration, including push factors (reasons to leave) and pull factors (reasons to go).

life expectancy:   The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Migration: The movement of people from one place to another.

Mortality Rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR): The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

Neo-Malthusians: People who believe that population growth will outstrip resource availability, leading to famine and other problems.

One Child Policy: A policy implemented in China to limit families to one child.

Population Composition: The characteristics of a population, such as age, sex, and ethnicity.

Population Density: The number of people per unit of land area.

Population Distribution: The pattern of where people live. Basically how people are spread.

Population Pyramid: A graphical representation of the age and sex structure of a population.

Population Dynamics: The changes in a population over time.

Pro-Natalist Policies: Government policies aimed at increasing population growth, often through incentives or subsidies for having children.

Pull Factors: Reasons why people are attracted to a particular location.

Push Factors: Reasons why people leave a particular location.

Replacement Level Fertility: The number of children a couple needs to have to replace themselves. 2.1 Children per Couple.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): The same as the natural increase rate (NIR).

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration: A set of principles that describe the patterns of migration.

Rural-to-Urban Migration: The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Sex Ratio: The number of males per females.

Step Migration: Migration in stages, often starting with shorter distances and gradually moving further away.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.

Thomas Malthus: An English economist who predicted that population growth would outstrip food production.

Transhumance Migration: The seasonal movement of people and livestock between different areas.

Transnational Migration: Migration that involves crossing international borders.

Voluntary Migration: Migration that is chosen by the individual.

Zero Population Growth: A state in which the population is neither growing nor declining.