UCSP

ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION

Evolution of Economy

Hunting—Farming-–Manufacturing—Service—Casino

ECONOMIC PROCESS

• The societal world has been through several changes, advancements, and innovation since the dawn of the Neolothic stage. These changes have greatly affected the social, cultural, political, and most especially economic aspect of societies.

• Form(2014) argued that the shift in the technological capacity of societies has allowed for the formation and extension of markets, modifications of property relations and changes in the

• Humans have several needs and wants that are deemed as bases of market sellers for producing goods and services

• Everything is brought to the market for the purpose of selling

• The key element that separates market transaction from reciprocity and redistribution is the use of standardized currency

• Moreover, market transactions may affect not only part of the economic aspect of human society; it affects the other societal and economic aspects as a whole. One key argument against market economy is its delimiting effect on the lives of participating individuals.Reciprocity

• Economic process that entails the exchange of commodities between parties, often on an individual basis

• Binding method which holds people, peers and families together(Anthropology, 2008)

Types of Reciprocity

Transfers

• Allows for the redistribution of resources within an economic system

• When resources from one individual or erganization are given to another w/ no expectation of return, an economic transfer in place.

Redistribution

• Occurs when the resources of one, several individuals or groups are collected and distributed proportionally or equally to participating members.

Two Types of Redistribution

1. Progressive Income Tax System

• Allows for a process of ensuring that the poorer members of society are giving ample resources to cover their basic needs through the imposition of higher taxes among the wealthy

2. Charity donations

• They get similar effect that are highly beneficial for them

• These donations can affect their social conscience or social image, allowing them to gain public recognition and admiration

Potlatch

• Native American practice which is composed of feasting, speeches, and gift giving to improve the public figure of the giver.

MARKET TRANSACTIO

Market The exchange of goods and services that involves buying and selling products About making money, capital, income growth In terms of settlement, the foragers were considered to be the early nomads. Nomads

• are individuals or groups of people who stay in a place for a short period of time.

• These people usually built temporary dwellings in a certain area for the purpose of survival.

• the length of their stay in a specific area is highly dependent on the availability of the resources.

Elements of Market transaction

1. Money

• Consists of objects that serve as means of exchange for goods and services

2. Prices

• It is the amount of money used in exchange for a certain product

3. Supply

• Refers to the quantity of gods or services that are available to sell at a given price and period of time

4. Demand

• Refers to the quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing to purchase at a given price and time period

Market and State

• Market involves all the human actions associated with economics aspects.

• State serves as the institution that protects and maintains economic balance through its economic laws and policies. Ferarro et al. (2010) argues that societies with self-developed market economies have to decide as to what extent they would allow free markets or the government to control the economy.

Economic Subsistence

• Due to the varying environment conditions and other social factors such as family organization and gender dynamics, human societies have created numerous ways to address their economic needs.

• In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists such as Edward B. Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan created categorizations that were used to classify human groups that are believed to be following a unilinear evolutionary pattern that progresses from savagery to civilization.

• Modern anthropologists subscribe to four categories of economic Subsistence Foraging,Horticulture,Pastoralism,Agriculture.

1. Foraging

• Searching for wild food resources that you can eat or use

Types of Foraging

1. Pedestrian

• Hunting and gathering on foot

• Mostly occupied riversides, valleys,and grasslands

2. Equestrian

• Hunted large mammals while on horseback which served as their mode of transportation

• Larger and mobile

• Ex. North American equestrian foragers are those in the Great Plains in the late 19th century

3. Aquatic

• Hunted aquatic animals uch as fish, mollusks, and other marine animals

  2. Horticulture

• One in which people subsist through the cultivation of plants for food consumption w/o the use of mechanized tools or the use of animals to pull plows This is a pattern that involves at leats part time planting and tending of domesticated food plants

• Horticulture Plant Shifting Entails movement from one cultivated land to another Horticulturist practice multi-cropping, growing a variety of different plants in gardens that are biodiverse

  3. Pastoral(Pastoralism) Pastoralism, also referred to as animal husbandry’, is a subsistence pattern in which people make their living by tending herds of large animals These animals catered in this kind of farming are commonly domesticated animals Pastoralism in africa is commonly done for trading with others

  Pastoral Nomads “NOMADS” - temporary settlement Transfer from one place to another in search of food and resources that are not limited for their consumption alone but also for the consumption of their animals. Pastoral Transhumance Pastoralist It is a kind of pastoralism that follows a ‘‘cyclical’’ pattern of migrations that usually take them to cool highland and valleys in the summer and warmer lowland valleys in the winter This seasonal migration between the same two locations in which they have regular encampments or stable villages often with permanent houses.

  Pastoral Nomads Transhumance pastoralism It is the irregular movement of the herd to seek fresh pasture It is the regular movement of herders with their livestock for herding and grazing Practiced in regions with arable lands Mainly practices on mountains, highlands, and valleys. The groups practicing this have irregular and unpredictable movements The groups practicing this have regular and predictable movements

  4. Agriculture The cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using technologies such as irrigation, draft animals, mechanization and inputs such as fertilizers and pesticide that allow for intensive and continuous use of land resources. Characteristics Mostly large-scale societies are dependent on agriculture as their primary mode of economic subsistence The use of heavy machinery and human labor Flexible

  • as farming continued to flourish to the different regions of the world, agriculture system changed constantly, especially when agriculture technologies and inventions were discovered and introduced to different societies.