COMM 101 DAY 2

Understanding Fallacies

• Definition of Fallacy: A fallacy is a failure in reasoning, often described as maladaptive reasoning.

  • Maladaptive Reasoning: A type of reasoning that incorrectly seems valid and may not be recognized as wrong by the individual.

  • Fallacies are common in daily arguments and discussions, often without anyone calling them out.

Arguments: Structure and Types

• Basic Structure of Argument: Generally consists of a claim supported by a set of reasons.

  • Claim: The main point or position taken in an argument.

  • Reasons: Justification for the claim; these should logically support the claim.

Types of Arguments

1. Induction

• Moves from specific observations to broader generalizations.

• Example: Observing that several Longwood students are smart and concluding that Longwood students in general are smart.

2. Deduction

• Utilizes general principles to draw specific conclusions.

• Example: Using the principle that "all humans are mortal" to conclude that "Socrates is mortal."

Interplay of Induction and Deduction

• Sherlock Holmes is noted as the master of both induction and deduction:

  • Induction: Holmes uses tiny clues to build a case (specific to general).

  • Deduction: He applies known principles to specific situations (general to specific).

Validity and Soundness of Arguments

• Valid Argument: All premises are true and logically lead to the conclusion.

• Sound Argument: The argument is valid and all premises are actually true.

• Inductive Fallacies: Can be invalid or unsound if based on inadequate evidence.

  • Importance of sufficient sample size to support generalizations.

Specific Fallacies in Inductive Reasoning

1. Slothful Induction: Failure to draw a generalization despite abundant evidence.

• Example: Ignoring a consistent pattern of car accidents during certain times.

2. Hasty Generalization: Making a broad conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence.

• Example: Jumping to conclusions about serious illnesses based on minor symptoms.

Public Speaking and Communication

• Definition of Public Speaking: A form of communication aiming to relay information from one mind to many.

• Public Sphere Model: Similar to ancient Greek Agora—a space for various forms of communication, including commercial, social, and academic.

Writing and Delivering a Speech

• Types of Speeches:

  1. Informative: Aimed at sharing information.

  2. Persuasive: Aims to convince or motivate the audience.

  3. Entertaining: Intended to amuse the audience.

• Importance of Engaging Your Audience: Use humor, anecdotes, or visual elements to maintain attention.

Persuasive Proofs in Speech

• Logos: Logical appeal; provides reasoning and evidence.

• Pathos: Emotional appeal; aims to evoke feelings in the audience.

• Ethos: Ethical appeal; establishes the credibility and character of the speaker.

Respect and Ethics in Speaking

• Key Ethics in Speech: Respect your audience, provide truthful information, and avoid manipulation.

• Avoiding Deception: Maintain honesty in claims and be transparent about intentions.

• Counterarguments: Address potential audience concerns proactively to strengthen your position.