studdy buddy 3

CHAPTER 2- Europeans Colonize North America (Michael W. and Teddy)

• Spanish, French, and Dutch North America

  • New Mexico

    • Juan de Oñate led about 500 soldiers and settlers to New Mexico

    • Pueblos people met the Spanish with good intentions

      • Spanish begin to torture, murder, rape, and extort supplies from villagers

      • Residents of Acoma kill several soldiers in protest, which only result in the rest of the nightmare: all above the age of 12 were enslaved and men older than 21 had one foot amputated

    • New Mexico had little wealth and did not prove advantageous for Spain, so the Spanish only left a small military outpost

    • The encomiendas were granted here

  • Quebec and Montreal 

    • Jacques Cartier and crew establish Port Royal for the French 

    • Samuel de Champlain set up trading post and dubbed the area Quebec in 1608

    • In 1642, the French establish a second post, Montreal

      • These new posts quickly established dominance in the lucrative beaver pelt business

    • Nobles were granted land and imported tenants to work them

  • Jesuit Missions in New France

    • Missionaries from the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) were dedicated to converting heathens to Christianity

      • Natives referred to them as Black Robes

      • Jesuits used their immunity to smallpox as an example of God’s punishment for sinners when epidemics struck

    • Natives usually resisted attempts to change their child rearing habits

  • New Netherland

    • The Dutch West India Company established an outpost at present day Albany, NY

    • Netherlands aimed for trade, rather than colonization

    • They had little success settling

    • Amerindian allies of New France and New Netherlands often clashed over trade dominance

      • Iroquois defeated the Hurons with Dutch assistance, establishing themselves a major force

    • Dutch seized Swedish settlement in 1655

• England’s America

  • Social and Economic Change

    • England’s population greatly increased due to new American foods

    • Competition for goods lead to increased workers and a fall in wages

    • Poverty gap widened, but landowners displaced former peasants, allowing for greater social mobility

    • Surplus population caused migration to new colonies

  • English Reformation

    • 1533- Henry VIII wants a divorce but is refused by the Pope, so he starts his own religion, the Church of England

    • Differed very little from Catholicism

    • Protestant Reformation, lead by Martin Luther, challenged Catholic doctrine that people needed priests to interpret the Bible

    • Jean Calvin begins Calvinism

    • Both reject rituals and all of this leads to increased spread of literacy

    • Key to salvation is faith in God, rather than good works

  • Puritans, Separatists, and Presbyterians

    • Elizabeth I was tolerant of diverse forms of Christianity

    • Scottish church adopted Presbyterianism 

    • Calvinists split into Puritans and Separatists, both against church hierarchy

    • Mortals were predestined to go to either heaven or hell

  • Stuart Monarchs

    • Successors of Elizabeth are less tolerant of Catholics

    • James I declares the Divine Right of Kings, power over Parliament

    • Power of Stuart comes from God himself

    • Intense oppression of opposing religions leads to minority religions emigrating to America for religious freedom 

• The Founding of Virginia

  • Wealthy merchants prepare a royal charter for Virginia Company

  • Lack of immediate returns leads to failure of joint stock companies

  • Jamestown and Tsenacommacah

    • 1607- Jamestown established by 108 men

    • Colonists fell victim to disease, dissension, and drought

    • Natives refused to help out

    • Powhatan, leader of Tsenacommacah and many Algonquian villages, agreed to a treaty with Captain John Smith in 1607

    • Natives want guns, and settlers want food

    • 1613- settlers kidnap daughter of Powhatan, Pocahontas, who married John Rolfe and thus established a period of peace

  • Algonquian and English Cultural Differences

    • English men saw natives as lazy for not working the fields

    • Native chiefs had less power than respective English rulers

    • Natives tended to hold their land communally

    • English believed that only cultivated land could be considered “owned”

  • Tobacco Cultivation

    • First seeds planted by John Rolfe in 1611

    • Escalating demand in Europe leads to big tobacco boom

    • Dispersed settlements were good for cultivation but bad for defense

  • Opechancanough’s Rebellion

    • Opechancanough was Powhatan’s brother and next leader

    • Attack near James River in 1622, settlers fend them off until peace in 1632

    • Opech. attacks one last time in 1644, but resistance ends in 1646 forever

  • End of Virginia Company

    • Virginia Company failed in 1622 due to lack of profits

    • King James revokes the charter in 1624, making it a royal colony

    • Established the “headright system” where every new arrival that payed their own passage got 50 acres land (1617)

    • Wealthy englishmen could pay the passage of multiple laborers and get tons of land

    • 1619- House of Burgesses established, representative government for Virginian wealthy landowners. Was abolished by King James but reinstituted in 1629

• Life in the Chesapeake

  • Tobacco quickly becomes the staple crop and chief source of revenue in Virginia and Maryland

  • Maryland given to George Calvert who intended the colony as a haven for fellow persecuted Catholics

  • Demand for Laborers

    • The new tobacco based economy demanded heavy labor and many workers

    • Chesapeake farmers first looked to England to supply their labor needs

    • Indentured servants became the main source of labor

      • many came from the middle class, or “common sort” 

  • Conditions of Servitude

    • Servants who completed their terms of indenture earned “freedom dues”

    • Malaria , typhoid, and dysentery were rampant and deadly

    • Laws offered servants protection

      • Masters were to provide sufficient food, clothing, and shelter, and they were not to be beaten excessively

      • Servants could turn to the courts if mistreated

    • Former servants often became independent farmers (“freeholders”) 

    • Good land eventually grew scarce, and by 1700, the Chesapeake was no longer the fertile land it had once been

  • Standard of Living

    • Incidence of servitude, imbalanced sex ratio, and high mortality rates produced small and fragile households

    • The diet consisted mainly of pork and corn

    • Houses usually had only one or two rooms

  • Chesapeake Politics

    • Most members of Virginia’s House of Burgesses and Maryland's House of Delegates (est. 1635) were immigrants

    • Most property-holding white males could vote

    • Assemblies remained unstable and contentious, as they consisted of immigrants with little to no strong ties to one another or to the region

• The Founding of New England

  • Contrasting Regional Demographic Patterns

    • Young male servants were the predominant immigrants to America in 1600s

    • Women were much more common to New England than Virginia

    • Migrants to New England were often families or close associates

  • Contrasting Regional Religious Patterns

    • Puritan congregations were key to life in New England

    • Very little influence of church in the Chesapeake

    • Calvinists devoted themselves to self-examination and Bible study

  • Separatists

    • 1609- separatists group moves to Netherlands but finds that it is too permissive

    • Known as Pilgrims, in 1620 they sail to America via the Mayflower

    • Settle in Plymouth expecting to make a living off of fishery

  • Pilgrims and Pokanokets

    • Mayflower Compact- created a representative government in the new settlement so that non-separatists could have rights

    • 1621- Massoit, leader of Pokanokets agrees to a treaty

    • Squanto was main translator and supporter of the settlers

  • Massachusetts Bay Company

    • Group of colonists go to Cape Ann in 1628 and got a royal charter in 1629

    • Congregationalists merchants transfer the headquarters to New England so that the colony would not be subject to English influence

  • Governor John Winthrop

    • 1629- Winthrop is elected governor of M.B.C

    • Organizer of first Puritan migration to America

    • Wrote “Christian Charity”, saying that people would need to cooperate

    • Lower status did not imply a lower worth, everyone had their place

  • Covenant Ideal

    • God made covenant that ensured safety for Puritan settlers as long as they were faithful to him

    • In mid 1600s, the General Court was changed to become a colonial legislature

  • New England Towns

    • Groups of men could apply for land grants through the General Court

    • Land was given to families and distributed around a town center

    • Three types of towns

      • Small agricultural, preserving Winthrop’s views

      • Coastal towns, seaports, such as Boston and Salem

      • Commercialized agricultural towns in Connecticut River valley

    • Still not much opportunity to benefit from trade (lack of infrastructure)

  • Pequot War and Its Aftermath 

    • Thomas Hooker (minister) led people to Connecticut Valley

    • Land fell within the domain of the Pequots

    • Skirmishes broke out, culminating in a slaughter of 400 Pequots

    • After this, natives did not fight as much but resisted acculturation

    • Natives did however adopt livestock as a source of meat

  • Missionary Activities

    • John Eliot and Thomas Mayhew were two missionaries

    • Eliot wanted to civilize the natives (ie. living in towns, farming, etc)

Mayhew allowed natives to live more traditional lives on Martha’s Vineyard

• Puritan ceremonies lacked the luster of Catholic rituals

• Life in New England

  • New England differed from the Algonquian tribes and Chesapeake settlers greatly, they stayed in the same place year-round and built sturdy dwellings

  • New England Families

    • The age range in New England was very wide and many more women migrated to New England than the other colonies

      • The colony could reproduce itself

    • People in New England gained five or more years to their life expectancy

    • Families were numerous, large, and long-lived

    • Schools were quickly established and boys and girls were taught reading

    • Conflicts between generations arose due to parents exercising excessive power over their adult children

  • Labor in a New Land

    • New England farmers farmed smaller lots with larger families

    • Family labor was the norm

    • Presence of slavery

      • John Winthrop encouraged the use of Pequot women and girls captured in the war as slaves

      • African slaves were later introduced

    • By the mid-century, roughly 400 people of African descent lived in the region, most enslaved

  • Impact of religion

    • Puritans controlled the government of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut and the other early northern colonies

    • In some colonies, church membership was a prerequisite for voting in elections

    • Massachusetts’ first bodies of law (1641 and 1648) drew heavily from scripture

    • All New Englanders were required to attend religious services

    • Moral conduct was the basis of the legal code

      • Laws forbade drunkenness, card playing, dancing, and cursing

      • Breaking the commandments was punishable by death

    • New England’s social conservatism stemmed from radical views on the nature of the relationship of religion and government and the nature of true religion

  • Roger Williams

    • Believed that the Bay colony had no right to land already occupied by Amerindians and that Puritans should not impose their beliefs upon others

    • Obtained land from Amerindians where he founded Providence

      • Other towns were added and Rhode Island became a place that tolerated all faiths, even Judaism

        • Became known as “Rogue’s Island”

  • Anne Hutchinson

    • Strong believer of John Cotton, who said salvation was more of a gift

    • Puritans feared her ideas and female authority, so they put her on trial in 1637

    • She lost the court hearing and was exiled to Rhode Island in 1638