Midterm Study Guide Pt 3

<<Muscular System<<

• Know the 4 characteristic of all muscle cell and what they mean
  • Skeletal - Mulitnucleate, Striated, Voluntary
  • Cardiac - Uninucleate, Striated/Branching, Involuntary, Intercalculated Disks
  • Smooth - Uninucleate, Unstriated, Involuntary,
• Know the following about each type of muscle
  • Is it voluntary or involuntary?
  • Skeletal - voluntary 
  • Smooth - involuntary
  • Cardiac - involuntary
  • Is it multinucleated?
  • Skeletal - multinucleated
  • Smooth - Uninucleate
  • Cardiac - Uninucleate 
  • What does it look like under the microscope?
• What happens to the muscle when it has tension (is it longer or shorter) - it shortens and then relaxes

Skeletal Muscle Contractions.

1. Concentric - shortening of muscle, agonist contracts
2. Eccentric  - lengthening of muscle, agonist contracts and antagonist relaxes
3. Isometric - no change in muscle length both agonist and antagonist contract

All or None Law

• All or none law - When stimulated, a muscle will exhibit maximum tension and all muscle fibers with contract at the same time or not at all 
• Cross bridges - formed when actin filaments sliding along and attaching to myosin heads when the sarcomere is activated by an action potentials
• Fast twitch - Type 2, fast, tire quickly
• Slow twitch - Type 1, slow, fatigue resistant
• Parallel - muscle fibers do not cross each other
• Pennate - fiber arrangement attaches obliquely to a central tendon
• The 6 formations a muscle can be in - Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate, Fusiform, Bundled, Triangular

Muscular Movements.

1. Abduction - movement of a body segments away from the body along the FRONTAL plane
2. Adduction - movement of a body segment closer to the body in the FRONTAL plane
3. Ulnar deviation - rotation of the hand towards the little finger
4. Radial deviation - rotation of the hand towards the thumb
5. Supination - lateral rotation of the forearm (palm up)
6. Pronation - Medial rotation of the forearm (palm down)
7. Plantar flexion - Downward motion of the foot away from the lower leg
8. Dorsiflexion - Movement of the tip of the foot toward the lower leg
9. Flexion - forward movement of a body segment AWAY from anatomical position in the sagittal plane
   10. Extension - movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position in the sagittal plane
   11. Hyperextension - backward movement of a body segment past anatomical position in sagittal plane
   12. Circumduction - a body segments rational movement such that the end of the segment traces a circle
   13. Eversion - movement in which the foot’s sole is rolled outward
   14. Inversion - movement in which the foot’s sole is rolled inward
   15. Insertion - muscle attachment to a bone that tends to move when the muscle contracts
   16. Origin - muscle attachment to a relatively fixed structure
   17. Lateral rotation - Outward movement of a body segment in the transverse plane
   18. Medial rotation - Inward movement of a body segment in the transverse plane
   19. Opposition - touching any of your 4 fingers to your thumb (enables grasping of objects)

Diseases and Injuries of Muscular System

1. Muscle strain - an injury occurring when a muscle is stretched beyond its accustomed limits

2. Tendinitis - inflammation of a tendon, with pain and swelling

3. DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness) - follows participation in an activity, involves microscopic tears in the muscle tissue, with inflammation, swelling, and pain

4. Muscular Dystrophy - a disorder characterized by progressively worsening muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue, is a group of disorders

5. Contusion - a bruise resulting from impact or trauma

6. Myositis Ossificans - calcium mass forms in a muscle 3-4 wks after a muscle injury in response to trauma

7. Tendinosis - caused by microtears in the tendon connective tissue, degeneration of a tendon

8. Shin Splints - pain localized to the anterior lower leg

9. Hernia - balloon-like section of the abdominal cavity lining protruding through a hole or weakened section of abdomen muscles

   10. Cramp - moderate to sever muscle spasms causing pain

   11. Know where to find each muscle we talked about.

Neuromuscular Junction

1. Know the parts and functions of the neuromuscular junction

   1. Neuromuscular junction is the link between an axon and a muscle fiber

      1. Axon - long, thin fiber, connected to motor neuron cell body
      2. Axon terminal - offshoots the axon, branch out and connect to individual muscle fibers
      3. Vesicles - contain acetylcholine in the axon terminal
      4. Synaptic Cleft - tiny gap that separates the axon terminal and muscle fiber
      5. Acetylcholine receptor sites - receive the neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle (Acetylcholine)
      6. Sarcolemma - Delicate membrane surrounding each striated muscle fiber
      7. Muscle fiber - An individual skeletal muscle cell

Parts of skeletal muscle

1. Sarcolemma - Delicate membrane surrounding each striated muscle fiber

2. Endomysium - fine, protective sheath of connective tissue around skeletal muscle fiber

3. Perimysium - connective tissue surrounds each primary bundle of muscle fibers or a fascicle

4. Epimysium - outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle

   1. Aponeurosis - flat, sheet -like, fibrous tissue connects muscle or bone or other tissues

<<Basic Anatomy/Need to Know<<

directional terms

• Lateral -  away from the midline of the body
• Medial - toward the midline of the body
• Anterior (ventral) - toward the front of the body
• Posterior (dorsal) - toward the back of the body
• Superior (cranial) - closer to the head
• Inferior (caudal) - away from the head
• Distal - away from the trunk
• Proximal - closer to the trunk
• Superficial - toward the surface of the body
• Deep - away from the surface of the body

Body Systems

• Respiratory - lungs, nasal passages, larynx, pharynx, and trachea
  • Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood
• Integumentary - layers of skin
  • Protects, eliminates wastes, helps reg body temp 
• Nervous - brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
  • Receives and interprets sensory info, coordinates body movements, includes memory, emotions, and cognition
• Endocrine - endocrine glands
  • Secretes hormones
• Reproductive - enables production of offspring
  • Male: Penis, Scrotum, Testes
  • Female: Uterus, Vagina, Ovaries
• Muscular - Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle
  • Pumps the heart, moves food through digestive tract, moves the body
• Skeletal - bones, cartilage, ligaments
  • Supports the body, produces blood cells, protects organs
• Urinary - kidneys, bladder
  • Removes nitrogen-containing wastes from blood
• Digestive - Stomach, esophagus, intestines
  • Breaks down food for absorption of nutrients by the body
• Lymphatic - lymphatic vessels and node
  • Returns body fluids to the bloodstream
• Cardiovascular - heart, blood vessels
  • Transfers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and removes waste products
• Special Sensory - eyes, ears, organs of smell and taste
  • Enables vision, hearing, smell, and taste

pH/Mitosis/RNA Polymerase

pH is a measure of how acidic/basic a solution is

• Acid (6 or less)
• Base (8-14)
• Neutral (7)

What happens during each stage of mitosis

• Prophase - chromatin condenses into chromosomes, cell membrane brakes down
• Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
• Anaphase - centromeres are cut in half, sister chromatids pull toward centrioles
• Telophase - chromosomes “decondense,” new nuclear membrane forms

Know what RNA polymerase is/does

• RNA polymerase is an enzyme responsible for transcribing genetic info in DNA to RNA

Eukaryote (Animal Cell) Breakdown

• Plasma membrane - regulates in and out movement, defines outer shell of cell
• Cytoplasm - liquid and organelles (microvilli, cilla, centrioles) inside the cell (except nucleus)
• Nucleus - control center of the cell contains DNA
• Golgi apparatus - a set of membranous discs in cytoplasm
• Mitochondrion - Organelle that makes ATP
• Smooth ER - network of membranes
• Cytoskeleton - defines cell shape and gives mechanical strength
• Rough ER - Network of membranes that are studded with ribosomes
• Ribosomes - large enzymes that make polypeptides
• Lysosome - contain digestive enzymes
• Peroxisome - contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions,
• Centrosome - contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.

4 Types of Body Tissue

• Connective  - supporting tissue, consist of extracellular matrix
• Epithelial - lines and covers, includes epithelia and glands
• Muscular - generates force and permits body movement
• Nervous - conveys information by electrical signaling

Planes of the Body

• Sagittal - divides body into left and right halves
• Frontal - divides body into front and back halves
• Transverse - divides body into upper and lower halves

Elastic and Plastic Responses

• Elastic - ability to spring back into original shape after stretching 
• Plastic - does not snap back after stretching