topic 1 The subject, objectives and cintent of gentics, and its history and development

Genetics - the science of heredity and variability of living organisms

From the Greek word genesis- origin

Key words = heredity (наследственность) and variability (изменчивость)

Genetics is divided into two parts

• Фундаментальная fundamental

• Прикладная applied

Фундаментальная генетика

Studies the general patterns( общие закономерности) of inheritance ( наследования) of traits in laboratory or model species: prokaryotes (eg e.coli ( кишечной палочки)) , mold, yeast and fungi, mice.

These sections are included in this category

• Classical/formal genetics

• Cytogenetics

• Molecular genetics

• Genetics of mutagenesis (including radiation chemical genetics)

• Evolutionary genetics

• Population genetics

• Genetics of individual development

• Genetics of behaviour

• Ecological genetics

• Mathematical genetics

• Cosmic genetics (studies the effect on an organism of cosmic factors eg cosmic radiation or prolonged weightlessness)

• классическая (формальная) генетика,

  цитогенетика,

  молекулярная генетика,

  генетика мутагенеза (в т. ч, радиационная и химическая генетика),

  эволюционная генетика,

  генетика популяций,

  генетика индивидуального развития,

  генетика поведения,

  экологическая генетика,

  математическая генетика.

  космическая генетика (изучает действие на организм космических факторов: космических излучений, длительной невесомости и др.).

Прикладная генетика

Develops recommendations for the application of genetic knowledge in breeding, genetic engineering and other branches of biotechnology, in the field of nature conservation.

The ideas and methods of genetics find application in all areas of human activity related to living organisms

They are important for solving the problems of medicine, agriculture and the microbiological industry

Genetic engineering (генетическая инженерия)

It’s a branch of molecular genetics associated with the purposeful creation in vitro of new combinations of genetic material capable of multiplying in a host cell and synthesizing end products of metabolism

Частная генетика (private genetics)

• Genetics of plants растений :wild and cultivated. About 150 species in total

• Animal genetics животных: wild and domestic animals . About 20 species in total

• Genetics of microorganisms микроорганизмов eg viruses prokaryotes. Dozens of species

Наследственность (heredity)

The ability способность of all organisms to preserve сохранить and transmit передавать structural and functional features from their ancestors предков to their offspring потомству

Изменчивость (variability)

The ability способность of an organism to change under the influence действием of hereditary наследственных and non hereditary не наследственных factors

Наследование (inheritance)

The process of transferring передачи traits признаков and properties свойств from parents to descendants потомкам

Наследуемость (heritability)

The proportion or fraction доля of generic variability генетической изменчивости in the total phenotypic variability фенотипической изменчивости of a trait признака in a particular конкретной population of animals or plants