Untitled Flashcards Set

1. Theories and Conceptual Models in Psychiatric Mental Health Care

• Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud): Focuses on unconscious thoughts and early childhood experiences influencing behavior.

• Behavioral Theory (Skinner, Pavlov): Behavior is learned and can be modified through conditioning.

• Cognitive Theory (Beck, Ellis): Thoughts impact emotions and behavior; cognitive distortions lead to mental health issues.

• Humanistic Theory (Maslow, Rogers): Emphasizes personal growth and achieving full potential.

• Biological Model: Mental illness is caused by genetic, neurochemical, and structural abnormalities in the brain.

• Interpersonal Theory (Sullivan, Peplau): Relationships and social interactions shape mental health.

2. Differences Between Mental Health and Mental Illness

• Mental Health: Ability to cope with stress, function in daily life, and maintain relationships.

• Mental Illness: Disorders affecting mood, thinking, and behavior that impair functioning (e.g., depression, schizophrenia).

3. Relevance of a Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship

• Establishes trust and emotional support.

• Encourages open communication and expression of feelings.

• Provides a safe environment for emotional healing.

• Supports client autonomy and decision-making.

4. Goals of a Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship

• Build trust and rapport.

• Encourage self-awareness and insight.

• Promote independence and coping strategies.

• Facilitate behavior change and emotional stability.

5. Essential Conditions for a Therapeutic Relationship with Family Members

• Trust: Open and honest communication.

• Empathy: Understanding family concerns.

• Respect: Acknowledging their role in care.

• Boundaries: Maintaining professionalism.

• Education: Providing clear information about mental illness and treatment.

6. Components of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

• Verbal: Tone, clarity, active listening, open-ended questions.

• Nonverbal: Eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture.

7. Therapeutic vs. Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques

• Therapeutic Communication:

  • Active listening (maintaining eye contact, nodding)

  • Silence (allows the patient to process)

  • Clarification (“Can you explain more?”)

  • Reflection (“You seem upset about that.”)

  • Validation (“I can see that this is difficult for you.”)

• Nontherapeutic Communication:

  • Giving false reassurance (“Everything will be okay.”)

  • Minimizing feelings (“It’s not that bad.”)

  • Probing (Forcing the patient to talk when not ready)

  • Changing the subject (Avoiding important topics)

  • Giving personal opinions (“If I were you, I would...”)

8. Ethical Decision-Making Model for Ethical Conflicts

1. Identify the problem.

2. Gather relevant data.

3. Examine ethical principles involved (autonomy, beneficence, justice, nonmaleficence).

4. Explore possible solutions and their consequences.

5. Make a decision and act.

6. Evaluate the outcome.

9. Legal Issues in Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing

• Confidentiality (HIPAA): Patient information is protected unless there is a risk of harm.

• Involuntary Commitment: Used when a patient is a danger to themselves or others.

• Patient Rights: Includes informed consent, the right to refuse medication, and humane treatment.

• Use of Restraints and Seclusion: Only when necessary for safety, with proper documentation.

• Duty to Warn (Tarasoff Rule): Obligation to report if a patient threatens harm to others.

10. Role of Multidisciplinary Team Members in the Therapeutic Milieu

• Psychiatrist: Diagnoses and prescribes medication.

• Psychiatric Nurse: Provides direct care, medication management, and patient education.

• Psychologist/Therapist: Conducts therapy and assessments.

• Social Worker: Assists with discharge planning and resources.

• Occupational/Recreational Therapist: Facilitates activities to promote coping skills.