Proteinaceous Concentrates and Oilseed Meals

Proteinaceous Concentrates

Objectives

• Describe the nutritional and physical properties of oilseed meals.
• Offer advice on the use of oilseed meals or appropriately feed livestock on them.

Characteristics

• Specially designed products for mixing before feeding.
• Used at inclusion rates of ≤5% with planned proportions of cereals and other feeds on the farm or by feed companies.
• Includes protein-rich feeds such as fishmeal.
• Contain > 200 g CP/kg DM.
• Subdivided into:
  1. Oil Seed meals.
  2. Animal protein sources.

Characteristics of Oil Meals

• Derived from oil-bearing seeds grown to produce oils for human consumption and industrial processes.
• These include Soybeans, Rapeseed, Sunflower seed, Cottonseed, Palm kernel, Sesame, and Groundnut seed.
• Oil extraction from these seeds is either by:
  1. Hydraulic pressure (Expeller).
  2. Solvent extraction.

Oil Meal Extraction

• Solvent extraction is more efficient (leaving <1% oil in the residue) than expeller methods which leave up to 6% oil.
• The amount of oil left in the residue affects the energy value of the feed.
• Fiber levels also influence the feed’s energy value.
• Decorticating seeds prior to processing affects their fiber levels.
• Oilseed meals have uses beyond feeding livestock; refer to https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/oilseed-meal

Sunflower Meal (SFM)

• Produced in the hydraulic or solvent extraction of oil from the seed.
• The hulls are usually partially removed, resulting in a meal that has high levels of fiber (up to 390 g/kg).
• Readily palatable when finely ground.
• Useful source of protein (low in lysine but contains twice as much methionine as SBM).
• Nutrient Content (% DM):
  • TDN (68 - 75)
  • CP (32 - 45)
  • CF (11 - 24)
  • Ca (0.4)
  • P (1)
• Rich in B-complex vitamins.
• No known anti-nutrients or toxins.

Sunflower Meal (SFM) Recommendations

• Not recommended for young pigs and poultry – the meal is a laxative and has a very short shelf life.
• Maximum rates of inclusion (kg/ton):
  • Ruminants: 200
  • Growing Pigs: 25
  • Finishing Pigs: 50
  • Sows: 100
  • Adult birds: 100

Soybean Meal (SBM)

• The product obtained by grinding the seeds or the portion thereof remaining after the removal of most of the oil.
• One of the best sources of protein available to animals if properly prepared.
• Seeds have variable oil content (160 - 210 g oil/kg).
• When solvent extracted, the meal has 44-50% CP.

Importance of SBM

• Soybean meal is the most important protein source used to feed farm animals.
• It represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs, including all other major oil meals and fish meal (Oil World, 2015).
• Its feeding value is unsurpassed by any other plant protein source, and it is the standard to which other protein sources are compared (Cromwell, 1999).

SBM Characteristics

• SBM has an oil content of about 10 g/kg.
  • SBM oil has a laxative effect and may result in soft body fat.
• SBM protein contains all EAAs but cysteine and methionine have sub-optimal concentrations.
• Extracted SBM has a high ME content.
  • Grinding and pelleting reduce the ME content of SBM.
• Low in fiber (7%).
• SBM is a poor source of B-vitamins.
• Requires processing (controlled heating) for enhanced feeding efficiency.
• Contains a number of toxic, stimulatory, and inhibitory substances, which include:
  • Allergic factors
  • Goitrogenic factors
  • Anti-coagulant factors
• The nutritionally important factors are the Protease Inhibitors (Anti-Trypsin factor and the Chymotrypsin inhibitor).
• The inhibitors are inactivated by controlled heating.

Groundnut Meal (GNM)

• Usually made from fat-extruded kernels ground with added peanut hulls.
• An un-decorticated meal is produced when the whole pod is used.
• Commonly extracted by the screw pressing method, leaving a meal with 50 - 100 g/kg oil.
• Meal composition depends on:
  1. Raw material used
  2. The method of extraction.

Nutritive Properties of GNM

• GNM protein has sub-optimal amounts of cystine and methionine.
• Lysine is the limiting amino acid.
• Requires adequate supplementation with animal protein where the meal is used in high cereal diets.
• A highly palatable meal.
• Nutritive Properties (%):
  • CP 40-48
  • CF 6-13
  • TDN 70-80
  • Ca 0.2-0.3
  • P 0.6

Limitations of GNM

• Inclusion in pig and poultry diets limited to < 25% of the diet because:
  1. It might lead to soft body fat
  2. It has a laxative action in pigs and poultry
• May have a growth factor and an anti-trypsin inhibitor.
• May develop Aflatoxin under poor storage conditions.
  • The Aflatoxin is a metabolite of a fungus Aspergillus fluvus.

Cottonseed Meal (CSM)

• Results from the kernels being removed from the leathery hulls, crushed, and the oil extracted.
• Not readily accepted by pigs and poultry because of its dry, dusty nature.
• Has a costive action which may be beneficial in diets containing large amounts of laxative constituents.
• Available in cake or meal form.

Use of CSM

• Is a satisfactory protein source for ruminants.
• Its low protein quality limits use in poultry and swine diets.
• Should not constitute > 25 - 30% of the protein source in pig and poultry diets because it has:
  • low protein quality
  • poisoning potential

Composition of CSM

• Nutritive composition (%):
  • CP 36-41
  • CF 10-14
  • TDN 61-70
  • Ca 0.17
  • P 1.1
• May contain from 0.3 - 20 g/kg DM of a yellow toxic pigment called Gossypol, a polyphenolic aldehyde that:
  1. Is an anti-oxidant and polymerization inhibitor
  2. Is poisonous to simple-stomached animals
  3. Does not affect ruminants

Gossypol in CSM

• Pig and poultry diets should not contain more than 100 mg free gossypol / kg.
• In layers, even low levels may induce an olive-green discoloration of the egg yolk.
• The effects of Gossypol may be ameliorated by treatment with Ferrous sulfate.

Rapeseed Meal (RSM)

• Produced from Rape (Brassica napus) by oil extraction and hull removal.
• Common, particularly in cooler climates.
• Contains about 400 g protein / kg DM.
• Has more fiber (140 g/kg) than SBM.
• Has a lower ME, CP, and palatability digestibility than Soya.
  • Poultry: 8.2 MJ/kg DM
  • Pigs and Ruminants: 12.0 MJ/kg DM
• Has less lysine and more methionine than Soya.
• Contains more P than other Oil seeds.

Nutritive Composition of RSM

• Nutritive composition (%):
  • CP 35-40
  • CF 13-14
  • TDN 62-72
  • Ca 0.60
  • P 1.0
• Use for pigs and poultry is restricted by the presence of thiocyanates and Goitrin.
• Both of the above anti-nutrients are Goitrogenic (producing or tending to produce goitre which is a morbid enlargement of the thyroid gland).

Feeding Recommendations for RSM

• Meal should be from varieties with low levels of glucosinolates.
• Young monogastrics: a max. of 5% RSM in the total diet.
• Mature monogastrics and ruminants: up to 10% RSM in the diet.
• Not recommended for pregnant and lactating sows.