Proteinaceous Concentrates and Oilseed Meals

Describe the nutritional and physical properties of oilseed meals.
Offer advice on the use of oilseed meals or appropriately feed livestock on them.

Specially designed products for mixing before feeding.
Used at inclusion rates of $≤5%$ with planned proportions of cereals and other feeds on the farm or by feed companies.
Includes protein-rich feeds such as fishmeal.
Contain > 200 g CP/kg DM.
Subdivided into:
1. Oil Seed meals.
2. Animal protein sources.

Derived from oil-bearing seeds grown to produce oils for human consumption and industrial processes.
These include Soybeans, Rapeseed, Sunflower seed, Cottonseed, Palm kernel, Sesame, and Groundnut seed.
Oil extraction from these seeds is either by:
1. Hydraulic pressure (Expeller).
2. Solvent extraction.

Solvent extraction is more efficient (leaving <1% oil in the residue) than expeller methods which leave up to 6% oil.
The amount of oil left in the residue affects the energy value of the feed.
Fiber levels also influence the feed’s energy value.
Decorticating seeds prior to processing affects their fiber levels.
Oilseed meals have uses beyond feeding livestock; refer to https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/oilseed-meal

Produced in the hydraulic or solvent extraction of oil from the seed.
The hulls are usually partially removed, resulting in a meal that has high levels of fiber (up to 390 g/kg).
Readily palatable when finely ground.
Useful source of protein (low in lysine but contains twice as much methionine as SBM).
Nutrient Content (% DM):
- TDN (68 - 75)
- CP (32 - 45)
- CF (11 - 24)
- Ca (0.4)
- P (1)
Rich in B-complex vitamins.
No known anti-nutrients or toxins.

Not recommended for young pigs and poultry – the meal is a laxative and has a very short shelf life.
Maximum rates of inclusion (kg/ton):
- Ruminants: 200
- Growing Pigs: 25
- Finishing Pigs: 50
- Sows: 100
- Adult birds: 100

The product obtained by grinding the seeds or the portion thereof remaining after the removal of most of the oil.
One of the best sources of protein available to animals if properly prepared.
Seeds have variable oil content (160 - 210 g oil/kg).
When solvent extracted, the meal has 44-50% CP.

Soybean meal is the most important protein source used to feed farm animals.
It represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs, including all other major oil meals and fish meal (Oil World, 2015).
Its feeding value is unsurpassed by any other plant protein source, and it is the standard to which other protein sources are compared (Cromwell, 1999).

SBM has an oil content of about 10 g/kg.
- SBM oil has a laxative effect and may result in soft body fat.
SBM protein contains all EAAs but cysteine and methionine have sub-optimal concentrations.
Extracted SBM has a high ME content.
- Grinding and pelleting reduce the ME content of SBM.
Low in fiber (7%).
SBM is a poor source of B-vitamins.
Requires processing (controlled heating) for enhanced feeding efficiency.
Contains a number of toxic, stimulatory, and inhibitory substances, which include:
- Allergic factors
- Goitrogenic factors
- Anti-coagulant factors
The nutritionally important factors are the Protease Inhibitors (Anti-Trypsin factor and the Chymotrypsin inhibitor).
The inhibitors are inactivated by controlled heating.

Usually made from fat-extruded kernels ground with added peanut hulls.
An un-decorticated meal is produced when the whole pod is used.
Commonly extracted by the screw pressing method, leaving a meal with 50 - 100 g/kg oil.
Meal composition depends on:
1. Raw material used
2. The method of extraction.

GNM protein has sub-optimal amounts of cystine and methionine.
Lysine is the limiting amino acid.
Requires adequate supplementation with animal protein where the meal is used in high cereal diets.
A highly palatable meal.
Nutritive Properties (%):
- CP 40-48
- CF 6-13
- TDN 70-80
- Ca 0.2-0.3
- P 0.6

Inclusion in pig and poultry diets limited to < 25% of the diet because:
1. It might lead to soft body fat
2. It has a laxative action in pigs and poultry
May have a growth factor and an anti-trypsin inhibitor.
May develop Aflatoxin under poor storage conditions.
- The Aflatoxin is a metabolite of a fungus Aspergillus fluvus.

Results from the kernels being removed from the leathery hulls, crushed, and the oil extracted.
Not readily accepted by pigs and poultry because of its dry, dusty nature.
Has a costive action which may be beneficial in diets containing large amounts of laxative constituents.
Available in cake or meal form.

Is a satisfactory protein source for ruminants.
Its low protein quality limits use in poultry and swine diets.
Should not constitute > 25 - 30% of the protein source in pig and poultry diets because it has:
- low protein quality
- poisoning potential

Nutritive composition (%):
- CP 36-41
- CF 10-14
- TDN 61-70
- Ca 0.17
- P 1.1
May contain from 0.3 - 20 g/kg DM of a yellow toxic pigment called Gossypol, a polyphenolic aldehyde that:
1. Is an anti-oxidant and polymerization inhibitor
2. Is poisonous to simple-stomached animals
3. Does not affect ruminants

Pig and poultry diets should not contain more than 100 mg free gossypol / kg.
In layers, even low levels may induce an olive-green discoloration of the egg yolk.
The effects of Gossypol may be ameliorated by treatment with Ferrous sulfate.

Produced from Rape (Brassica napus) by oil extraction and hull removal.
Common, particularly in cooler climates.
Contains about 400 g protein / kg DM.
Has more fiber (140 g/kg) than SBM.
Has a lower ME, CP, and palatability digestibility than Soya.
- Poultry: 8.2 MJ/kg DM
- Pigs and Ruminants: 12.0 MJ/kg DM
Has less lysine and more methionine than Soya.
Contains more P than other Oil seeds.

Nutritive composition (%):
- CP 35-40
- CF 13-14
- TDN 62-72
- Ca 0.60
- P 1.0
Use for pigs and poultry is restricted by the presence of thiocyanates and Goitrin.
Both of the above anti-nutrients are Goitrogenic (producing or tending to produce goitre which is a morbid enlargement of the thyroid gland).