Untitled Flashcards Set

Examples of Von Thünen Model Rings Market/Urban Center New York City (acts as a major urban market). 1st Ring: Dairy & Market Gardening (Perishable Items) Lettuce farms in California’s Central Valley Dairy farms in Wisconsin (cheese production) Vegetable farms in Florida (year-round fresh produce) 2nd Ring: Forests (Timber & Firewood) Forests of Northern Europe (Germany, Scandinavia) historically used for firewood. Amazon Rainforest (though not in a Von Thünen context, timber is a major industry). 3rd Ring: Grains & Field Crops (Less Perishable) Wheat farms in the U.S. Midwest (Kansas, Nebraska). Corn production in Iowa and Illinois. 4th Ring: Ranching & Livestock (Requires Large Land) Cattle ranching in Texas and Argentina (Patagonia region). Sheep ranching in Australia’s Outback. Examples of Commodity Chains Coffee Commodity Chain Grown in Brazil → Processed in Italy → Sold in Starbucks in the USA. Banana Commodity Chain Grown in Ecuador → Shipped to the U.S./Europe → Sold in supermarkets like Walmart. Beef Commodity Chain Cattle raised in Argentina → Slaughtered in a processing plant → Exported to the U.S. Cotton Commodity Chain Grown in India → Processed into fabric in China → Sold as clothing in the U.S. Examples of Agricultural Commodities Cash Crops Cotton (U.S., India, Egypt) Tobacco (Southeastern U.S.) Sugarcane (Brazil, Caribbean, India) Grain Crops Wheat (U.S., Russia, Canada, Australia) Corn (U.S. Corn Belt, Argentina) Rice (China, India, Vietnam, Thailand) Livestock Products Beef (Brazil, U.S., Argentina) Pork (China, U.S., Germany) Dairy (India, U.S., Europe - especially France, Germany, Netherlands) Examples of Agricultural Practices Intensive Farming (High Inputs, Small Land) Market Gardening (California, Florida, Netherlands) Dairy Farming (Wisconsin, India, New Zealand) Rice Farming in Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, China) Extensive Farming (Low Inputs, Large Land) Sheep Ranching in Australia Commercial Grain Farming in the U.S. Great Plains Pastoral Nomadism in Mongolia and the Middle East Subsistence Agriculture (For Personal Use, Not Sale) Slash-and-Burn (Amazon Rainforest, Central Africa) Pastoral Nomadism (Saharan Africa, Mongolia) Commercial Agriculture (For Profit, Large-Scale) Monoculture Banana Plantations in Latin America Wheat Farms in the U.S. and Russia Soybean Production in Brazil and the U.S. Examples of Agricultural Regions Dairy Belt Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan (USA) Netherlands & France (Europe) Corn Belt Midwestern USA (Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Nebraska) Rice-Producing Regions China, India, Thailand, Vietnam (Southeast Asia) Mediterranean Agriculture California (Wine Country), Spain, Italy, Greece, France Livestock Ranching Regions Texas & Oklahoma (USA), Argentina (Patagonia), Australia These examples help illustrate key agricultural patterns and models in AP Human Geography. Let me know if you need further details on any topic! 🚜🌾Summary of Unit 5: Agriculture This unit covers agriculture and rural land use patterns, including factors influencing farming, types of agriculture, major revolutions in agriculture, economic forces, environmental effects, and contemporary challenges. 📌 5.1 Introduction to Agriculture Factors Influencing Agriculture Physical Environment (Climate, Landforms, Soil) Köppen Climate System categorizes climates affecting crop distribution. Arable vs. Non-Arable Land – Determines what can be farmed. Types of Agriculture Intensive Farming – High labor/capital, small land area (e.g., market gardening, plantation farming, mixed crop & livestock). Extensive Farming – Low labor/capital, large land area (e.g., ranching, shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism). Climate-Based Agricultural Types Tropical: Shifting cultivation, plantations. Drylands: Pastoral nomadism, livestock ranching. Temperate: Mixed crop & livestock, commercial grain, dairy, Mediterranean. 📌 5.2 Settlement Patterns & Survey Methods Rural Settlement Patterns Clustered – Homes close together, shared land/resources. Dispersed – Isolated farms, independent land ownership. Linear – Settlements along transportation routes or rivers. Survey Methods Metes & Bounds – Based on natural landmarks. Long Lot – Land divided into strips along rivers (France, Spain). Township & Range – Rectangular grid system (USA). 📌 5.3 Agricultural Origins & Diffusion Hearths of Agriculture Fertile Crescent – Wheat, barley, lentils, cattle, sheep. Southeast Asia – Rice, sugarcane, bananas. East Asia – Soybeans, walnuts. Sub-Saharan Africa – Sorghum, yams, coffee. Mesoamerica – Maize, beans, potatoes, llamas. Diffusion of Agriculture Contagious Diffusion – Spread to nearby regions (Fertile Crescent → Europe). Relocation Diffusion – Migrants bring farming practices (Columbian Exchange). Stimulus Diffusion – Adaptation of crops to new climates. 📌 5.4 The Second Agricultural Revolution Occurred in 1750s (Great Britain). Causes: Industrial Revolution, new machinery (seed drill, steel plow), Enclosure Movement (privatization of land). Effects: Higher crop yields → food surplus → urbanization → factory labor force. 📌 5.5 The Green Revolution (1950s-60s) Key Features Introduction of High-Yield Crops (HYC). Widespread use of GMOs, fertilizers, pesticides. Expansion of irrigation and mechanized farming. Impacts ✅ Increased food production, reduced hunger. ✅ Countries like India & Mexico became food self-sufficient. ❌ Soil degradation, water depletion, pollution. ❌ Limited success in Africa due to poor infrastructure and diverse climates. 📌 5.6 & 5.7 Economic & Spatial Organization of Agriculture Economic Forces Subsistence Farming – Small-scale, for local consumption (common in developing countries). Commercial Farming – Large-scale, profit-driven, uses technology. Monoculture & Monocropping – Single-crop farming, efficient but harms soil. Agribusiness – Large-scale corporate farming, reduces small farms. Commodity Chains Connects production → processing → distribution → retail → consumption. Example: Coffee supply chain (grown in Brazil, processed in Italy, consumed in the USA). Bid-Rent Theory Land closer to markets is more expensive, so intensive farming occurs there. Further from markets, land is cheaper, so extensive farming dominates. 📌 5.8 Von Thünen Model Core Idea: Land use is based on distance from the market and transportation costs. Model Rings: Center: Market (urban area). 1st Ring: Dairy & Market Gardening (perishable goods). 2nd Ring: Forest (wood is heavy). 3rd Ring: Grain & Field Crops (less perishable). 4th Ring: Livestock Ranching (requires a lot of land). Limitations Ignores modern technology, refrigeration, global trade, and government policies. 📌 5.9 The Global Agricultural System Key Concepts Global Supply Chains – Countries rely on agricultural imports and exports. Commodity Dependence – Some countries depend on a few agricultural exports (e.g., coffee in Ethiopia, bananas in Ecuador). Challenges Trade barriers, political conflicts, transportation issues. 📌 5.10 Consequences of Agricultural Practices Environmental Issues: Deforestation – Clearing rainforests for farming (Amazon, Indonesia). Desertification – Overuse of soil in arid areas. Soil Salinization – Salt buildup from irrigation (e.g., Aral Sea disaster). Pollution – Fertilizer and pesticide runoff into water sources. Cultural Landscape Changes: Draining Wetlands (e.g., Netherlands) for farmland. Terrace Farming in mountainous regions (e.g., Andes, China). 📌 5.11 Challenges in Modern Agriculture Biotechnology & GMOs Pros: Higher yields, disease resistance. Cons: Health concerns, environmental risks, reliance on corporations (Monsanto). Urban Farming & Sustainability Trends Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) – Local food movements. Organic Farming – Avoids synthetic chemicals, but expensive. Food Security Issues: Food Deserts – Areas with limited access to fresh food. Food Insecurity – Lack of consistent access to nutritious food. 📌 5.12 Women in Agriculture Role of Women in Farming Women are primary food producers in developing countries but often lack land ownership. Green Revolution negatively impacted women (tech and resources went to male farmers). make flash cards to highlight the key concepts related to food security issues, including definitions of food deserts and food insecurity, along with the critical role women play in agriculture and the challenges they face.