Ap Psych

1. Flashcard:

Q: What is the focus of the biological perspective in psychology?

A: The biological perspective examines how brain structures, neurotransmitters, genetics, and hormones influence behavior and mental processes.

2. Flashcard:

Q: What does the behavioral perspective emphasize?

A: It emphasizes how observable behavior is learned and shaped by the environment through conditioning (e.g., classical and operant conditioning).

3. Flashcard:

Q: How does the cognitive perspective explain human behavior?

A: It focuses on mental processes such as thinking, memory, problem-solving, and language.

4. Flashcard:

Q: What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A: A perspective that emphasizes unconscious drives, childhood experiences, and conflicts influencing behavior (associated with Freud).

5. Flashcard:

Q: How does the humanistic perspective differ from other approaches?

A: It emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and human potential for growth (Maslow & Rogers).

6. Flashcard:

Q: What does the evolutionary perspective examine?

A: It explores how natural selection and adaptation influence behavior and mental traits.

7. Flashcard:

Q: What is the sociocultural perspective?

A: It examines how social and cultural factors (e.g., norms, values, and expectations) shape behavior and thinking.

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### Research Methods

8. Flashcard:

Q: What is the difference between an independent and a dependent variable?

A: The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured to observe the effect.

9. Flashcard:

Q: What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

A: It serves as a baseline for comparison, not exposed to the independent variable.

10. Flashcard:

Q: What is a case study?

A: An in-depth analysis of a single individual or small group to gain detailed insights into behavior.

11. Flashcard:

Q: What is naturalistic observation?

A: Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference.

12. Flashcard:

Q: What is a survey method?

A: A research method that collects self-reported data from a large sample through questionnaires or interviews.

13. Flashcard:

Q: What is the main weakness of correlation studies?

A: Correlation does not imply causation.

14. Flashcard:

Q: What is the placebo effect?

A: A psychological response where participants experience changes simply because they believe they received a treatment.

15. Flashcard:

Q: What is random assignment?

A: The process of randomly placing participants into experimental or control groups to reduce bias.

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### Correlation

16. Flashcard:

Q: What does a positive correlation indicate?

A: As one variable increases, the other also increases (or as one decreases, the other decreases).

17. Flashcard:

Q: What does a negative correlation indicate?

A: As one variable increases, the other decreases.

18. Flashcard:

Q: What does a correlation coefficient (r) measure?

A: The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables (ranges from -1 to +1).

19. Flashcard:

Q: What does a correlation coefficient of 0 mean?

A: There is no relationship between the two variables.

20. Flashcard:

Q: Why can’t correlation prove causation?

A: There may be a third variable influencing both variables, leading to a false association.