Respiration 10.18.24

Page 1: Introduction to Crop Production Principles

• Focus on the following physiological processes affecting crops:

  • Photosynthesis

  • Humidity

  • Temperature

  • Water

  • Wind

  • Transpiration effect

Page 2: Physiological Processes Overview

• Emphasizes the role of physiological factors like:

  • Sunlight

  • Humidity

  • Temperature

  • Water and wind impacts on crop health.

Page 3: Module Overview

• Key physiological processes include:

  • Photosynthesis

  • Respiration

  • Photorespiration

  • Transpiration

  • Evapotranspiration

  • Mineral Nutrition

  • Translocation

  • Growth and Development

Page 4: Lesson on Respiration

• Importance of factors influencing respiration including sunlight, temperature, and water coordination.

Page 5: Learning Outcomes

• Understand the respiration process and its requirements.

• Identify factors affecting respiration.

Page 6: Motivation Question

• Discuss why plants are classified as autotrophs.

Page 7: Definition of Respiration

• Enzyme-mediated process breaking down simple sugars into CO2 and H2O with energy release.

Page 8: Key Functions of Respiration

• Provides carbon skeleton for other compounds.

• Initiated in cytoplasm, completed in mitochondria.

• Occurs continuously regardless of photosynthesis.

• Supplies energy for metabolic reactions.

• Yield: 38 ATPs.

Page 9: Importance of Respiration

• Converts sugar into usable energy for cellular functions.

• Necessary for sustaining various biological processes.

Page 10: Steps in Respiration

• Main steps include:

  1. Glycolysis

  2. Krebs Cycle

  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Page 11: Glycolysis Overview

• Glycolysis process:

  • Origin: "glycos" = sugar; "lysis" = splitting

  • Ten-step process occurs in cytosol.

  • Converts glucose into pyruvate or lactate.

  • Anaerobic reactions.

Page 12-14: Glycolysis Process

• Key phases of Glycolysis:

  1. Phosphorylation: preps 6 carbon sugar for phosphate.

  2. Sugar cleavage: splits sugar into 2 three-carbon fragments.

  3. Pyruvic acid formation through oxidation of fragments.

Page 15: Glycolysis Steps

• Glycolysis consists of:

  • Ten sequential steps within cytosol.

Page 16: Glycolysis Yield

• Input and output:

  • Input: Glucose, NAD+, ADP, Pi.

  • Output: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and H2O.

Page 17: Fate of Pyruvate

• Three outcomes based on presence of oxygen:

  • Anaerobic: Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Anaerobic: Alcoholic Fermentation

  • Aerobic: Oxidation in Kreb's Cycle.

Page 18-24: Krebs Cycle

• Named after Hans Krebs, known as Citric Acid Cycle:

  • Begins with conversion of Acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.

  • Series of reactions produce NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.

  • Continuous transformation of intermediates (citrate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, etc.) until returning to oxaloacetate.

Page 25: Krebs Cycle Components

• Molecular transformations and enzyme actions throughout the Krebs Cycle.

• Key substances involved: Coenzyme A, NAD+, FAD, ATP.

Page 26: Fun Mnemonic for Krebs Cycle

• "Citrate Is A Silly Stupid Funny Molecule" to remember cycle order.

Page 27: Summary of Kreb Cycle

• Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA and further processes yielding CO2, NADH, ATP, and FADH.

Page 28-31: Electron Transport Chain

• Involves oxidative phosphorylation.

• Located in mitochondrial inner membrane; important for ATP generation.

• Energy from electron transport leads to ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

Page 32-37: Factors Influencing Photosynthesis

• Age, temperature, glucose levels, injuries, mechanical effects, diseases, and light intensity significantly impact photosynthesis and respiration rates.

Page 38: Summary of Glycolysis

• Highlights:

  • Glycolysis yields 2 ATP.

  • Pyruvic acid formation under anaerobic conditions leads to fermentation.

Page 39: Summary of Cellular Respiration

• Process results in glucose breakdown to produce ATP essential for plant metabolism.

Page 40: Electron Transport Chain Summary

• Takes place in mitochondrial inner membrane.

• ATP is produced, signifying the energy production hub of cells.

Page 41: Learning Tasks/Activities

• Discuss maintenance respiration in plants; write and submit answers as instructed.

Page 42: Assessment Details

• Answers to be handwritten, discussing net ATP production in respiration, to support theory with an explanation.

Page 43: Course Administration

• Assessment guidelines for course materials and submissions.

Page 44: Submission Deadline

• Submissions due one week after discussion; guidelines for format specified.