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Exam #2

Preschool & School-Age Development Study Guide

Section 1: School-Age Motor Development Matching Activity

The following outlines the descriptions of motor skills matched with their corresponding age ranges:

  • Can pedal a bicycle and balance on one foot for 10 seconds

    • Description: Gross motor coordination begins to stabilize; balance improves.
    • Age Range: 5 years old

  • Can write well and has fine motor skills similar to an adult

    • Description: Refined motor control; handwriting and small tasks mastered.
    • Age Range: 10–12 years old

  • Can perform tandem gait and knows right from left

    • Description: Coordination, direction, and body awareness improve.
    • Age Range: 8–10 years old

  • Can draw a diamond and enjoys vigorous activities

    • Description: Complex shapes; participates in physical activities.
    • Age Range: 6–8 years old

  • Can dress independently and tie shoes

    • Description: Self-help and independence mastered.
    • Age Range: 5 years old

Section 2: Preschool Motor Development (Ages 3–6)

This section details various motor skills developed in preschoolers during the ages of 3 to 6:

  • Rides a tricycle; toilet trained daytime

    • Description: Early coordination.
    • Typical Age: Age 3

  • Dresses self (buttons); names colors

    • Description: Development of self-help skills.
    • Typical Age: Age 4

  • Skips; folds paper parallel; draws person with 6 body parts

    • Description: Motor planning skills.
    • Typical Age: Age 4

  • Throws/catches ball; ties shoelaces

    • Description: Development of eye-hand coordination.
    • Typical Age: Age 6

  • Copies a cross; overhand toss

    • Description: Control & aiming skills.
    • Typical Age: Age 4

  • Counts to 10; prints name

    • Description: Cognitive & motor integration.
    • Typical Age: Age 6

  • Draws a person with 2 body parts; speech 75% understandable

    • Description: Language development & perception.
    • Typical Age: Age 3

  • Dresses without supervision; counts to 10

    • Description: Increasing independence.
    • Typical Age: Age 5

  • Walks on tiptoes; ties a knot; engages in dramatic play

    • Description: Fine motor play development.
    • Typical Age: Age 5

  • Sings poem/song; knows basic safety

    • Description: Memory recognition.
    • Typical Age: Age 4

  • Rides a bicycle; understands right/left

    • Description: Balance & spatial awareness.
    • Typical Age: Age 6

  • Builds tower of 6–8 cubes; imaginative play

    • Description: Early construction play.
    • Typical Age: Age 3

Section 3: Preschool Development (Growth & Physical)

This section discusses physical growth patterns and changes during the preschool years:

  • Weight Gain: Preschoolers gain approximately 2 kg (4 lbs) per year.
  • Height Growth: Average height increase is 7 cm (2 inches) each year.
  • Head Circumference: Increases by less than 2 cm during the entire preschool period.
  • Skin Changes: Dry skin results from negligible secretion of sebum during this stage.
  • Sweat Glands: During the preschool period, eccrine sweat glands remain nonsecretory.

Section 4: Preschool Cognitive & Conceptual Development

In this section, key aspects of cognitive development in preschoolers are outlined:

  • Concept of Body Parts: Preschool children have a vague and inaccurate understanding of body parts.
  • Perception of Pain: Pain or illness may be viewed as punishment due to their limited cognitive understanding.
  • Understanding of Safety Devices: Belief that seatbelts prevent accidents; this reflects a misunderstanding between prevention versus causation.
  • Fears: Preschool children exhibit fears regarding vulnerability and loss of control.
  • Skin Development: The skin matures in its ability to protect against invasion and fluid loss.
  • Understanding of Body Parts: Children correctly identify external parts, while the internal parts remain vague and unclear.

Quick Reference Summary

Below is a quick reference summary of key milestones across different domains:

  • Gross Motor Skills (Ages 3–6):
    • Rides tricycle (3), balances (5), skips (4), rides bike (6)
  • Fine Motor Skills:
    • Copies cross (4), draws diamond (6–8), ties shoes (5–6), writes well (10–12)
  • Cognitive Development:
    • Counts to 10 (5–6), names colors (4), learns right vs left (6)
  • Language Development:
    • Speech 75% understandable (3), sings songs (4)
  • Self-help Skills:
    • Dresses self (4), independent dressing (5), ties knot/shoes (5–6)
  • Physical Growth:
    • Gains +2 kg & +7 cm per year, head circumference increases <2 cm
  • Body Awareness:
    • Accurate for external body parts; vague for internal; perceives pain as punishment.