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Period 6 Study Guide (1865-1905)

CCOT (Change and Continuity Over Time): The South in the Age of Industry

Advocates of the “New South” sought to modernize the southern economy after the Civil War by promoting industrialization and diversification beyond agriculture. While there was growth in textile mills, iron and steel production (such as in Birmingham, Alabama), and railroads, much of the South remained agrarian, reliant on sharecropping and tenant farming. Despite attempts at economic reform, racial segregation, disenfranchisement of Black voters, and continued economic dependency on the North limited significant progress.

Comparison: Gilded Age vs. Age of Jackson (Tariffs, Currency, Government's Role)

Causation: Rise of Political Machines in the Gilded Age

Political machines, such as Tammany Hall in New York, rose due to rapid urbanization, an influx of immigrants, and weak government infrastructure. Primary causes included the need for services among poor urban populations and the lack of social welfare programs. Secondary causes included corruption, patronage, and the spoils system, where political bosses controlled jobs and votes in exchange for loyalty. While machines provided essential services, they were often corrupt, engaging in graft and voter fraud.

Contextualization: Civil War Era Laws and Westward Migration

Post-Civil War federal laws, such as the Pacific Railway Act (1862) and Homestead Act (1862), encouraged westward expansion by providing land and infrastructure. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad (1869) facilitated migration, while federal policies like the Dawes Severalty Act (1887) attempted to assimilate Native Americans by breaking up tribal lands. These efforts created economic opportunities but also led to conflicts such as the Great Sioux War and Range Wars over land use.

CCOT: Western Farmers' Responses to Economic Changes (Late 19th Century)

1. 1860s-1870s: Expansion due to the Homestead Act; reliance on railroads for transportation.

2. 1880s: Overproduction of crops led to lower prices; increased reliance on credit.

3. 1890s: Formation of farmers' alliances (e.g., Granger Movement, Populist Party); calls for government regulation of railroads and monetary reform (Free Silver Movement).

4. 1900s: Government intervention through legislation such as the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to curb monopolies affecting farmers.

Comparison: US Expansion in the 1840s vs. US Imperialism in the 1890s

Key Terms & People

Industrialization & Business Leaders

• John D. Rockefeller – Founder of Standard Oil Company, pioneered horizontal integration.

• Andrew Carnegie – Steel magnate, promoted Gospel of Wealth.

• Robber Barons – Term for ruthless industrial leaders who exploited workers.

• Standard Oil Company – Rockefeller’s oil monopoly, controlled 90% of U.S. oil refining.

Labor Movements & Strikes

• Knights of Labor – Early labor union, open to all workers, collapsed after Haymarket Riot.

• American Federation of Labor (AFL) – Skilled workers' union led by Samuel Gompers.

• Homestead Steel Strike (1892) – Violent strike at Carnegie Steel, suppressed by Pinkertons.

• Pullman Strike (1894) – Nationwide railroad strike, federal intervention by President Cleveland.

• Eugene V. Debs – Labor leader, led the American Railway Union and Socialist candidate for president.

The New South & Race Relations

• Sharecroppers – Farmers who rented land and paid with a portion of crops.

• Redeemers – Southern Democrats who sought to restore white supremacy post-Reconstruction.

• Jim Crow Laws – State and local laws enforcing racial segregation.

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court case upholding “separate but equal” doctrine.

• Booker T. Washington – Advocated vocational education for Black Americans (Atlanta Compromise).

• W.E.B. Du Bois – Advocated immediate civil rights, co-founder of the NAACP.

Westward Expansion & Native American Relations

• Sand Creek Massacre (1864) – Attack on Cheyenne and Arapaho by U.S. Army.

• Chief Joseph & Nez Perce – Native leader who attempted to flee to Canada.

• Dawes Severalty Act (1887) – Broke up tribal lands, forced assimilation.

• Great Sioux War (1876-1877) – Series of battles including Battle of Little Bighorn.

• Ghost Dance Movement – Native religious movement, led to the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890).

• Frederick Jackson Turner – Historian who argued the frontier shaped American democracy.

Immigration & Social Reactions

• Ellis Island – Primary immigration processing center in New York.

• Nativism – Anti-immigrant sentiment, led to restrictions.

• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – First U.S. law banning a specific ethnic group.

• Social Darwinism – Idea that only the fittest individuals or businesses succeed.

• Reform Darwinism – Argued that society should intervene to help the poor.

Politics & Economy

• Political Machines – Organizations that controlled city politics (e.g., Tammany Hall).

• Granger Movement – Organized farmers against railroads.

• Farmers’ Alliances & Populists – Advocated Free Silver, direct election of senators.

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) – First attempt to break up monopolies.

Imperialism & Foreign Policy

• Theodore Roosevelt – Led Rough Riders, later became president.

• Spanish-American War (1898) – U.S. vs. Spain over Cuba, led to U.S. gaining Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines.

• Annexation of Hawaii (1898) – Overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, U.S. took control for strategic reasons.

• The Maine – U.S. battleship that exploded, used to justify war with Spain.

• Yellow Journalism – Sensationalized news that influenced public opinion (Hearst, Pulitzer).

• Roosevelt Corollary (1904) – Extension of Monroe Doctrine, U.S. would intervene in Latin America.

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