lipins, lipoids or lipides - Lipids are otherwise known as. Lipids - They compose a group of fat – like substances consisting of fatty acids, their naturally occurring compounds and substances found naturally in chemical association with them. Lipids - They are usually found in animal and plant tissues.

ENERGY SOURCE - When oxidized, each gram of fat releases 9 kcal of energy, or more than twice the energy released by oxidation of a gram of carbohydrate.

ENERGY STORAGE - Most of the energy stored in the body is in the form of lipids (triglycerides) that are deposited in fat cells called the adipocytes.

CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS - Phospholipids make up the basic structure of all cell membranes. These membranes give the distinct cell shape, control the flow of molecules in and out of the cells and allow cell to cell communication.

HORMONES - The steroid hormones are critical chemical messengers that allow tissues of the body to communicate with one another. The prostaglandins exert strong biological effects on both the cells that produce them and other cells of the body.

VITAMINS - The lipid soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E & K) play a major role in the regulation of several biological processes.

PROTECTION - Fats serve as shock absorbers or as protective layers for most vital organs.

INSULATION - Fat stored beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat) serves to insulate the body from extremes of cold temperature.

DERIVED LIPIDS – substances derived from the hydrolysis or the breaking down of simple or compound lipid molecules. In other words, they serve as the building blocks of natural lipids.

FATTY ACIDS - are long chain monocarboxylic acids that can be classified according to the following basis:

Aliphatic fatty acids - fatty acids whose atoms are connected to each other in an open – ended chain-like structure

Saturated fatty acids – fatty acids that are oriented with single sigma bonds only that correspond to the general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH.

CH3(CH2)nCOOH. – General formula of saturated fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids – fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds in its molecular structure.

Essential fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acids which are necessary for specific biochemical functions but cannot be synthesized by the body. Hence, they must be supplied through diet.

Linoleic acid – required for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid that serves as the precursor substance of an important group of hormones known as the Eicosanoids.

Alicyclic fatty acids – fatty acids whose atoms are connected to each other in an enclosed polygon or ring-like structure.

Chaulmoogric acid – a medically significant fatty acid used for the preparation of ethyl chaulmoograte which is used for the treatment of leprosy

Volatile fatty acids - contain 10 or less carbon atoms.

Volatile fatty acids - They are water – soluble but this solubility decreases as the number of carbon atoms increases.

Non – volatile fatty acids are insoluble in water and HCl; slightly soluble in alcohol but soluble in chloroform, ether and carbon tetrachloride. Non – volatile fatty acids - Their solubility in NaOH is due to the formation of soap (saponification).

GLYCEROL - it is a trihydric alcohol otherwise known as glycerin; trihydroxypropane or 1,2,3 – propanetriol GLYCEROL - the main alcoholic component of triglycerides GLYCEROL - can be prepared from saponification, fermentation and the synthesis of propylene STEROLS - hydroxyl derivatives or alcohols with the cyclopentanoperhydrophenantrene structure STEROLS - alcoholic component of the steroids

SPHINGOSINE – a long-chain nitrogen containing alcohol or an amino glycol that serves as the alcoholic component of compound lipids usually found in the nerve tissues like gangliosides, sphingomyelins and cerebrosides.

C18H37O2N – Molecular Formula of Sphingosine

NITROGENOUS BASES - nitrogen containing compounds that serve as structural components of some compound lipids.

CHOLINE – a soluble ammonia derivative (amine) that is found in animal and plant tissue and helps to prevent fat from being deposited in the liver. C5H15NO2 - Molecular Formula of Choline

ETHANOLAMINE – a colorless, moderately viscous liquid with an ammoniacal odor contained in cephalins and phospholipids derived metabolically from the decarboxylation of the amino acid serine.

SIMPLE LIPIDS - esters formed from the esterification reaction between various alcohols and the fatty acids.

A. TRIGLYCERIDES - triesters formed from the esterification reaction between glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules otherwise known as the triacylglycerols or the neutral fats. TRIGLYCERIDES - the usual storage form of lipids found in a living human body TRIGLYCERIDES - collective term for fats and oils

1. SIMPLE TRIGLYCERIDES - triesters formed from the esterification reaction between glycerol and 3 identical fatty acid molecules. Examples are: trilaurin; tripalmitolein; tristearin

2. MIXED TRIGLYCERIDES - triesters formed from the esterification reaction between glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules that are different from one another. Examples are: glyceryoleopalmitostearate; glyceryldiarachidonovalerate; glycerylcaproodipelargonate

B. WAXES - esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain alcohols, thus have a higher molecular weight than fats and oils. WAXES - They are denser than fats and oils and are completely insoluble in water.

BEESWAX – wax formed from the honeycomb of bees that are commercially processed for use in furniture polishes, varnishes, candles, and crayons.

myricyl palmitate - chemical name of beeswax

SPERMACETI WAX – a white waxy solid obtained from the oil in the head of sperm whales and other cetaceans (dolphins) used in cosmetics, candles, and ointments.

chemical name of spermaceti wax - cetyl palmitate.

CARNAUBA WAX – wax obtained from the cuticle of the young leaves of the carnauba tree used in the manufacture of polishes and candles

myricyl cerotate - chemical name of carnauba wax

LANOLIN – wax extracted from sheep’s wool that serves as a protective coating of the hair and skin, thus often used as a base in ointments, skin creams and other dermal medications.

LANOLIN - It is also known as wool wax.

CHINESE WAX – a white or yellowish crystalline wax extracted from the seeds and the cuticle of the young leaves of the Chinese tree or the tung tree, used in paints and varnishes to speed up drying, and also as a waterproofing agent. CHINESE WAX - It is also known as tung wax.

CHOLESTERYL ESTERS – esters of cholesterol formed in the blood plasma that serve as protective agents on the surfaces of some vital organs like the liver, spleen and kidneys.

COMPOUND LIPIDS – esters of fatty acids with alcohol but containing other chemical groups in addition to alcohol also known as complex lipids.

PHOSPHOLIPIDS - are substituted fats containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen otherwise known as phosphorized fats; phospholipins or phosphatides. PHOSPHOLIPIDS - generally composed of an alcohol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base PHOSPHOLIPIDS - they are the fatty matter of the active tissues in the body and are used to transport fat to the different tissues.

GLYCOLIPIDS - compounds of fatty acids that has a carbohydrate group GLYCOLIPIDS - these substances are found mainly in the cell membranes of nerve and brain tissues

CEREBROSIDES - glycolipids containing sphingosine, fatty acids and a monosaccharide group in the form of D glucose or D galactose in each of its molecule

CEREBROSIDES - serve as important constituents of the medullary sheath of nerves in brain tissues particularly in the white matter of the brain; also of the spleen, kidneys, liver, blood corpuscles, lungs, adrenals and retina of the eye examples are: galactocerebroside; glucocerebroside; phrenosin; cerebrone; nervone; oxynervone

2. GANGLIOSIDES - glycolipids containing sphingosine; fatty acids, neuraminic acid and a complex oligosaccharide molecule GANGLIOSIDES - serve as important constituents of the ganglion cells of the Central Nervous System that aid in its normal functioning

PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS - compounds similar to phospholipids in structure but with no nitrogenous base PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS - serve as important constituents in some plant tissues and in the heart tissues (cardiolipins) of human beings and animals

SULFOLIPIDS - lipids containing Sulfuric acid Cerebrosulfatide – a sulfolipid containing sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, glycerol, aminoethyl alcohol and a fatty acid that is found in the brain tissue.

E. LIPOPROTEINS – molecules that consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids bonded to hydrophilic protein molecules that serve as carrier molecules for the transport and absorption of other lipid molecules, primarily cholesterol

LIPOPROTEINS - occur in the cytoplasm, plastids, membranes and mitochondria of living cells

CHYLOMICRONS – lipoproteins that have a density less than 0.95 g/ml. They carry dietary triglycerides from the intestines to the other tissues

VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (VLDL) – lipoproteins that have a density from 0.98 to 1.019 g/ml. They bind triglycerides synthesized in the liver and carry them to the adipose and other tissues for storage.

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) – lipoproteins that have a density from 1.019 to 1.063 g/ml. They transport cholesterol from the liver to body cells for use in cell membrane repair and the production of steroid hormones and bile salts. However, excessive amounts of LDLs promote atherosclerosis, so the cholesterol in these particles is commonly known as the “bad cholesterol”.

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) – lipoproteins that have a density from 1.063 to 1.210 g/ml. They remove excess cholesterol from body cells and transport it to the liver for elimination. Because HDLs decrease blood cholesterol level, the cholesterol in HDLs is commonly referred as “good cholesterol”.

MISCELLANEOUS LIPIDS – substances associated with lipids in nature

STEROIDS – A large group of organic fat – soluble compounds distinguished by the presence of the steroid ring or the cyclopentanoperhydrophenantrene structure, with a great diversity of physiological activity. They involve the following:

CHOLESTEROL – a lipid constituent of all animal cells. The corpus luteum and adrenal cortex are particularly rich in this lipid. It is present in the blood and bile and is usually a major constituent of gall stones.

CHOLESTEROL - It is also present in nervous tissues. All human beings and animals can synthesize cholesterol from other dietary factors. is also found in egg yolk.

7 DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL – a sterol derived from cholesterol found richly in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis of the human skin.

7 DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL - Upon exposure to the sun, it is converted to cholecalciferol (vitamin D1) by the action of the ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun.

ERGOSTEROL – a sterol that usually occurs in some plants, yeast, certain mushrooms and mainly in ergot, a fungus of rye. ERGOSTEROL - It is also absorbed in the stratum granulosum of the human skin and is converted into ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) once exposed to the ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun.

ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS - group of hormones produced mainly in the adrenal cortex that help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress and salt & water balance.

HYDROCORTISONE – steroid hormone used in response to tissue damage causing inflammation. It is important in the stress reaction and in regulating blood sugar and fat deposition. It is also called cortisol.

ALDOSTERONE – steroid hormone that controls the balance of salt and water in the human body.

SEX HORMONES – group of hormones produced in the sex organs and the adrenal gland that help in the normal functioning and the development of the sexual characteristics of human beings.

PROGESTERONE – steroid hormone produced in women, first by the corpus luteum of the ovary to prepare the womb for the fertilized ovum, and later by the placenta to maintain pregnancy.

ESTROGEN – steroid hormone produced mainly in the ovaries that stimulate estrus and the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

TESTOSTERONE – a male steroid hormone produced in the testicles and responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.

VITAMIN D (Calciferol) – a lipid soluble vitamin needed to ensure the formation and maintenance of healthy bones and teeth. It aids in the prevention of bone disorders like rickets for children and osteomalacia for adults.

Calciferol – other name for Vitamin D

BILE ACIDS AND SALTS - steroids derived from bile needed for the emulsification, digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Examples are: cholic acid, lithocholic acid

EICOSANOIDS – group of hormones derived from a 20 – carbon unsaturated fatty acid known as arachidonic acid.

PROSTAGLANDIN – an unsaturated fatty acid found in all mammals that resembles hormones in its activity.

LEUKOTRIENE – a substance that functions as a powerful but short-range chemical messenger in various body systems, including the circulatory, nervous, and immune systems. LEUKOTRIENE - It helps regulate the state of blood vessels and airways, and influence the activities of certain white blood cells.

THROMBOXANE – a substance formed in the platelets that causes blood clotting and constriction of blood vessels.

LIPID SOLUBLE VITAMINS – organic substances essential in small quantities to the nutrition and normal metabolism of most animals. LIPID SOLUBLE VITAMINS - They are insoluble to water but soluble in fat solvents like ethyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and petroleum ether.

VITAMIN A (Retinol) - a fat-soluble vitamin found in green and yellow vegetables and animal products such as egg yolk and milk.

Vitamin A - is important to the health of the outer layer of cells in the skin and organs. A deficiency leads to roughening of the skin and night blindness.

Retinol – other name for vitamin A

VITAMIN D (Calciferol) - a lipid soluble vitamin needed to ensure the formation and maintenance of healthy bones and teeth.

VITAMIN D - It aids in the prevention of bone disorders like rickets for children and osteomalacia for adults.

3. VITAMIN E (Tocopherol) – a pale yellow viscous fluid occurring in vegetable oils, butter, eggs, and cereal grains that is important for fertility in humans and as an antioxidant.

Tocopherol – other name for Vitamin E

4. VITAMIN K (Phylloquinone) – a yellowish oily liquid that is found in leafy vegetables, rice, bran, fish and pork liver and is essential for the clotting of blood particularly in the formation of prothrombin.

Phylloquinone – other bane for Vitamin K