Georgia History Midterm

1.        Paleo-Indians: nomadic hunter and gathers, lived in group of 30 or less, and followed a moving game

2.        Woodland Period:  before European contact, mound building period for the Native Americans

3.        Mississippian Period: 1,000 AD through European contact, known as mound-builders, towns began to develop in river valleys with advanced, hierarchical societies

4.        Cherokee (pre-1700): the capital of Cherokee is Georgia, organized into independent towns, but shared common language and culture, and became like the Europeans before the Trail of Tears

5.        Creek (pre-1700): named Creek by the Europeans, but called themselves Muscogee, each creek village had its own laws/rules, and had powerful confederacy, wither conquered or assimilated other peoples

6.        Pedro Menendez: met with Guale on Santa Catalina Island in 1566, Spanish missionaries were allowed to settle along the GA’s coast, presidios and missions develop and converted over 1500 Guale people to Catholic.

7.        Santa Catalina/St. Catherine's: Spanish settles Santa Catalina and other sea islands in 1521. Not successful settlement (lasted 6 weeks)

8.        Guale: a Native American Tribe that lived on the coastal Georgia and South Carolina

9.        Juanillo Revolt: Juanillo led Guale to revolt against the Spanish in 1597. The Guale were angered by the Spanish attempts to impose European culture on natives.

10.  James Oglethorpe: a solider and high rank general in the Red Coats. A lifelong advocate of the poor in England, who founded the colony of Georgia

11.  Trustees: a group of men or individuals that manages assets in a trust and was granted by King George II establish the Georgia colony in 1732.

12.  Tomochichi: Creek Indian, chief of the Yamacraw tribe. Gave his consent to the colonization of Savannah to build trade relationship.

13.  Savannah: was named Yamacraw Bluff, first planned city in America (planned militia districts—neighborhoods—around a central square).

14.  Malcontents- always dissatisfied with everything.

·      included individuals that disagreed with Oglethorpe and the Trustees on the 3 Decrees and published A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia: 1741

15.  Frederica- Fort Frederica established as Georgia’s southernmost stronghold in 1736

16.  St. Augustine- Oglethorpe leads an unsuccessful expedition to capture St. Augustine in 1740 form the Spanish. Leads to Spanish counterattack at St. Simon’s in 1742.

17.  War of Jenkins' Ear- began in 1739, also known as the King George’s War. English sea captain Robert Jenkins was mutilated by Spanish coast guards for interfering with Spain’s Florida trade. Oglethorpe sees an opportunity to for on the offensive with Spanish Florida.

18.  Battle of Bloody Marsh- was a significant victory for England against the Spanish at St. Simon’s Island

19.  James Wright- the 3^rd governor of Georgia and served for in total of 18 years. Very popular with people of GA, slave owner, and negotiated treaties with the Creeks and Cherokees for land rights.

20.  Provincial Congress-was an elected body that met during the American Revolution to govern Georgia and decide how to join the fight for independence

21.  Siege of Savannah- a battle during the American Revolutionary War and attempted by the French and Americans to retake Savannah.

22.  Augusta- the Tories seized this city during the Siege of Savannah

23.  Tories- the Great Britain supporters during the American Revolution, and was one of the challenges of independence

24.  Land bounties- state granted land bounties to veterans of the Revolutionary War

25.  Alexander McGillivray- the creek chief who refused to cease the lands to Georgia

26.  Yazoo Scandal- land companies bribed GA legislators to sell western lands for $.02 per acre and 40-50 million acres of land were sold off

27.  1803 Land Lottery- state established to distribute land to white settlers

28.  Milledgeville- 1807 the state capital was moved to thus city after land cession

29.  George Troup- work of this Georgia governor, creeks cede all Southwest, GA in 1817 and 1819

30.  Treaty of Indian Springs- William McIntosh signed this, Creeks gave up 4.5 million acres of land for an equal size are in west of Mississippi

31.  William McIntosh- Lower Creek leader, had a Native American mother and a Scottish father

32.  Cherokee Phoenix- a table or listing of syllables for the Native Americans

33.  Sequoyah- created a writing system for the Cherokee language in GA

34.  Indian Removal Act- 1830, federal law by the president to move the Native Americans that agreed to give up their homelands

35.  Gold Rush of 1828-29- Georgia Gold Rush enticed whites to kick Cherokee off their lands

36.  Cherokee Nation v. Georgia- a U.S. Supreme court case appealed by Cherokee in 1831

37.  Worcester v. Georgia- a U.S. Supreme Court case appealed by Cherokee in 1832

38.  Treaty of New Echota- signed in 1835, forcing the Cherokee to give up land in GA in exchange for land west of the Mississippi River

39.  John Ross- leader of the Cherokees, Indian Removal act was signed without his consent

40.  Trail of Tears- the Cherokees were removed from the East via the
Trail of Tears in 1836

41.  Eli Whitney- invented the Cotton Gin

42.  Cotton Gin- invented in 1793, Long Staple (sea-island) cotton cultivation began in 1780’s

43.  Yeomanry- a man holding or cultivating a small, landed estate in the Antebellum period and are under the planter class

44.  Upcountry- the interior regions of Georgia

45.  Western and Atlantic Railroad- a state-owned railroad in GA that connected Atlanta to Chattanooga, TN

46.  Nullification- is a legal act by which the state rejects or invalidates a federal law that it deems to be unconstitutional

47.  Whigs- political party in the 1840s and 1850s, were older, patriotic, conservative planters from the blackbelt

48.  Democrats- political party, strongest in the newer areas of the state and eventually adopted State’s Rights philosophy

49.  Compromise of 1850- prevented a Civil War a decade early,

50.  Fugitive Slave Act- a federal law that required the return of runaway slaves to their owners, even if the slaves were in a free state

51.  Georgia Platform- a statement of support for the Compromise of 1850 and the Union

52.  Howell Cobb- Democrat from Athens, GA became Speaker of the House in 1850

53.  Joseph E. Brown- governor of Georgia throughout the Civil War, from Cherokee, GA; understood the Yeoman Farmer, modernized Western and Atlantic railroad, created common school system, and re-elected in 1859

54.  Alexander Stephens- nationally known Whig from Georgia, elected Vice-President of the Confederate States of America  

55.  1860 Presidential Election- Abraham Lincoln, a republican won presidency without any Southern states votes

56.  Republican Party- formed in 1854, white Georgians hated this party and saw it as a threat

57.  Secession Convention- a political gathering in Milledgeville that led to GA’s secession from the Union

58.  Impressment- policy that practiced forcing people into government services, Governor Brown opposed this

59.  Conscription- the enforced enrollment pf men into military service, also known as the draft

60.  Atlanta- a major city in Georgia that became a key location during the Civil War

61.  Vicksburg- a strategic city in Mississippi that crucial for controlling the Mississippi River. Led by General Ulysses S. Grant, victory split the Confederacy and gave the Union control over the river

62.  Chickamauga- Battle of Chickamauga from Sept. 19-20, 1863, one the bloodiest/deadliest battles of the Civil War

63.  Atlanta Campaign- Sherman’s campaign took place in 1864, aimed to capture the city and cultivated the city’s fall

64.  Kennesaw Mountain- a site in GA where a significant battle occurred in 1864 during the Atlanta Campaign

65.  Jonesboro- a key battle in Atlanta Campaign, union army cut the last railroad line into Atlanta at Jonesboro and forced Hood to surrender

66.  William T. Sherman- a union general during the Civil War, best known for his March to the Sea and his strategy of total war.

67.  Joseph E. Johnston- a Confederate general who commanded the Army of Tennessee during several key battles, replaced by John B. Hood during the defense of Atlanta

68.  John B. Hood- A Confederate general who succeeded Joseph E. Johnston during the Atlanta Campaign. Hood’s aggressive tactics led to significant losses for his army

69.  March to the Sea- the military campaign led by General William T. Sherman from Nov. 15-Dec. 21, 1864, where Union forces marched from Atlanta to Savannah destroying everything in site