• Socialization

  • Simply means the process of learning how to become part of a culture.

  • It is the same as interacting, mingling, and being with other people or groups.

  • It helps an individual to learn the culture’s language, their role in life, and what is expected from them.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

1. FAMILY

   • Most of the habits, manners, beliefs, and the way we think are developed in the family.

2. SCHOOL

   • A youth interacts with different individuals in school and this provides a lot of experiences for an individual.

   • This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus is on developing our social skills.

3. PEER

   • With a peer group, a person may share the same interests.

4. SOCIAL MEDIA

   • Influence a person’s way of life intensively thus sharing a large part in his/her personal development.

5. RELIGION

   • A collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values.

6. WORKPLACE

   • Performs its socialization process through onboarding, through which employees acquire skills to adjust to their new role.

• Enculturation

  • Herskovits (1955) defined enculturation as the aspects of the learning experience that mark off man from other creatures, and by means of which he achieves competence in his culture.

  • Enculturation is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.

  • According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from Hoebel, 1982), enculturation is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning process whereby man, as a child and adult, achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with people plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also learns from observing the surroundings he/she is in.

Difference between nature versus nurture

• NATURE

  • Nature human personality and identity are inborn and inherited.

• NURTURE

  • Nurture principles emphasize that our personalities are shaped from birth onwards by social forces that we interact with

• Norms

  • Norms are cultural standards or guidelines that enable individuals to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate behavior in a given society.

Types of Norms

1. Folkways

   • they are the customs of people that came from repetition and routines.

     Examples:

     • the practice of waiting in line

     • courtesy to older people

2. Mores

   • determines what is moral and ethical behavior; dictates what is right and wrong.

     Examples:

     • religious doctrines such as the prohibition of pre-marital sex

     • the belief that forms of discrimination and suppression are unethical (e.g. racism and sexism)

3. Taboos

   • are the forbidden acts set by society; strict prohibition of certain behaviors that society holds firmly.

     Examples:

     • cannibalism

     • incest

4. Laws

   • formally instituted by the government exist because its violation can result in injury or harm to other members of society impose sanctions on people who disobey the authority

     Examples:

     • curfews for minors

     • laws against domestic violence

• Values

  • Values are culturally defined standards that people see as good, acceptable, and desirable that serve as broad guidelines for living.

  • Values are developed through socialization. Through social interactions, individuals learn to embrace certain qualities and behaviors that they deem necessary to become acceptable social beings.

Relationship Between Norms and Values

Social Organizations

• The pattern of individual and group relations resulting from social interactions

Social Group

• People who share an enduring interaction and relationship resulting in similarities in values, beliefs, lifestyle, and attitudes.

• Commonality established in social groups is a sense of belongingness

What isn’t a Social Group

• Aggregate

  • Possesses physical proximity but does not have enduring social interaction

• Category

  • People who have common traits or interest but does aren’t together physically nor interact

Primary Groups

• Small tightly knit groups that have personal lasting relationships

• Has more commonalities and a high sense of group identity and loyalty

• Ex. Family

  Charles Horton Cooley

  • Introduced the concept of primary groups

  • Believed that these groups mold individuals and prepare them for society

Secondary Groups

• Large groups with impersonal relationships

• No sense of group identity that only exist to accomplish a goal

• Ex. Coworkers

In-Group

• Social group that a person identifies with and feels they belong to

• Loyal to each other and feel superior to out-group members

In-Group Favoritism

• People tend to favor members of a group they identify with

• Often stereotypes and prejudices against nonmembers

Out-Group

• Social group a person does not identify with nor belong to

Power

• Has the ability to influence how society views out-group members

Intergroup Aggression

• Acts that intend to harm out-group members

Social Comparison Theory

• Humans naturally evaluate themselves so they use their social groups as reference

Reference Group

• The term came from Herbert Hyman

• A group an individual compares themselves to to evaluate their own attitude, beliefs, and behavior.

• One can change their reference group depending on their stage in life

Anticipatory Socialization

• When an individual is used as an out-group for reference by someone who wants to be part of the group

• Ex. Student who wants to be a Doctor

Types of Reference Groups

• Positive Reference

  • Groups whose norms are referenced because an individual wants to be part of it

• Negative Reference

  • Groups whose norms are avoided because individuals don’t want to be part of it

Network

• Structure of social actors connected by weak social ties

• Vary in size, form, and relationship

Concept of Common Good

• Using the internet users can form connections with social actors worldwide

Importance of Networks

• Networks come with cultural and economic benefits or social capital

Looking-Glass Self Theory

• Charles Horton Cooley’s theory

• An individual’s idea of themselves is influenced by how they believe other people perceive them