SOCIALIZATION: UCSP
Socialization
Simply means the process of learning how to become part of a culture.
It is the same as interacting, mingling, and being with other people or groups.
It helps an individual to learn the culture’s language, their role in life, and what is expected from them.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
FAMILY
Most of the habits, manners, beliefs, and the way we think are developed in the family.
SCHOOL
A youth interacts with different individuals in school and this provides a lot of experiences for an individual.
This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus is on developing our social skills.
PEER
With a peer group, a person may share the same interests.
SOCIAL MEDIA
Influence a person’s way of life intensively thus sharing a large part in his/her personal development.
RELIGION
A collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values.
WORKPLACE
Performs its socialization process through onboarding, through which employees acquire skills to adjust to their new role.
Enculturation
Herskovits (1955) defined enculturation as the aspects of the learning experience that mark off man from other creatures, and by means of which he achieves competence in his culture.
Enculturation is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.
According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from Hoebel, 1982), enculturation is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning process whereby man, as a child and adult, achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with people plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also learns from observing the surroundings he/she is in.
Difference between nature versus nurture
NATURE
Nature human personality and identity are inborn and inherited.
NURTURE
Nurture principles emphasize that our personalities are shaped from birth onwards by social forces that we interact with
Norms
Norms are cultural standards or guidelines that enable individuals to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate behavior in a given society.
Types of Norms
Folkways
they are the customs of people that came from repetition and routines.
Examples:
the practice of waiting in line
courtesy to older people
Mores
determines what is moral and ethical behavior; dictates what is right and wrong.
Examples:
religious doctrines such as the prohibition of pre-marital sex
the belief that forms of discrimination and suppression are unethical (e.g. racism and sexism)
Taboos
are the forbidden acts set by society; strict prohibition of certain behaviors that society holds firmly.
Examples:
cannibalism
incest
Laws
formally instituted by the government exist because its violation can result in injury or harm to other members of society impose sanctions on people who disobey the authority
Examples:
curfews for minors
laws against domestic violence
Values
Values are culturally defined standards that people see as good, acceptable, and desirable that serve as broad guidelines for living.
Values are developed through socialization. Through social interactions, individuals learn to embrace certain qualities and behaviors that they deem necessary to become acceptable social beings.
Relationship Between Norms and Values
Norms | Values |
Specific | General |
There may be misconception | Commanding |
Rules of behaving | Standard of desirability |
Represent the application of values | Point of reference for norms |
Example: the norm, “a teacher must not exhibit favoritism among students,” may involve the value of equality, honesty, and humanitarianism. | Example: the value of “equality” may enter into norms for relationships between two people. |
| Values provide justification for accepting or rejecting norms. |
Social Organizations
The pattern of individual and group relations resulting from social interactions
Social Group
People who share an enduring interaction and relationship resulting in similarities in values, beliefs, lifestyle, and attitudes.
Commonality established in social groups is a sense of belongingness
What isn’t a Social Group
Aggregate
Possesses physical proximity but does not have enduring social interaction
Category
People who have common traits or interest but does aren’t together physically nor interact
Primary Groups
Small tightly knit groups that have personal lasting relationships
Has more commonalities and a high sense of group identity and loyalty
Ex. Family
Charles Horton Cooley
Introduced the concept of primary groups
Believed that these groups mold individuals and prepare them for society
Secondary Groups
Large groups with impersonal relationships
No sense of group identity that only exist to accomplish a goal
Ex. Coworkers
In-Group
Social group that a person identifies with and feels they belong to
Loyal to each other and feel superior to out-group members
In-Group Favoritism
People tend to favor members of a group they identify with
Often stereotypes and prejudices against nonmembers
Out-Group
Social group a person does not identify with nor belong to
Power
Has the ability to influence how society views out-group members
Intergroup Aggression
Acts that intend to harm out-group members
Social Comparison Theory
Humans naturally evaluate themselves so they use their social groups as reference
Reference Group
The term came from Herbert Hyman
A group an individual compares themselves to to evaluate their own attitude, beliefs, and behavior.
One can change their reference group depending on their stage in life
Anticipatory Socialization
When an individual is used as an out-group for reference by someone who wants to be part of the group
Ex. Student who wants to be a Doctor
Types of Reference Groups
Positive Reference
Groups whose norms are referenced because an individual wants to be part of it
Negative Reference
Groups whose norms are avoided because individuals don’t want to be part of it
Network
Structure of social actors connected by weak social ties
Vary in size, form, and relationship
Concept of Common Good
Using the internet users can form connections with social actors worldwide
Importance of Networks
Networks come with cultural and economic benefits or social capital
Looking-Glass Self Theory
Charles Horton Cooley’s theory
An individual’s idea of themselves is influenced by how they believe other people perceive them
SOCIALIZATION: UCSP
Socialization
Simply means the process of learning how to become part of a culture.
It is the same as interacting, mingling, and being with other people or groups.
It helps an individual to learn the culture’s language, their role in life, and what is expected from them.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
FAMILY
Most of the habits, manners, beliefs, and the way we think are developed in the family.
SCHOOL
A youth interacts with different individuals in school and this provides a lot of experiences for an individual.
This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus is on developing our social skills.
PEER
With a peer group, a person may share the same interests.
SOCIAL MEDIA
Influence a person’s way of life intensively thus sharing a large part in his/her personal development.
RELIGION
A collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values.
WORKPLACE
Performs its socialization process through onboarding, through which employees acquire skills to adjust to their new role.
Enculturation
Herskovits (1955) defined enculturation as the aspects of the learning experience that mark off man from other creatures, and by means of which he achieves competence in his culture.
Enculturation is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.
According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from Hoebel, 1982), enculturation is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning process whereby man, as a child and adult, achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with people plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also learns from observing the surroundings he/she is in.
Difference between nature versus nurture
NATURE
Nature human personality and identity are inborn and inherited.
NURTURE
Nurture principles emphasize that our personalities are shaped from birth onwards by social forces that we interact with
Norms
Norms are cultural standards or guidelines that enable individuals to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate behavior in a given society.
Types of Norms
Folkways
they are the customs of people that came from repetition and routines.
Examples:
the practice of waiting in line
courtesy to older people
Mores
determines what is moral and ethical behavior; dictates what is right and wrong.
Examples:
religious doctrines such as the prohibition of pre-marital sex
the belief that forms of discrimination and suppression are unethical (e.g. racism and sexism)
Taboos
are the forbidden acts set by society; strict prohibition of certain behaviors that society holds firmly.
Examples:
cannibalism
incest
Laws
formally instituted by the government exist because its violation can result in injury or harm to other members of society impose sanctions on people who disobey the authority
Examples:
curfews for minors
laws against domestic violence
Values
Values are culturally defined standards that people see as good, acceptable, and desirable that serve as broad guidelines for living.
Values are developed through socialization. Through social interactions, individuals learn to embrace certain qualities and behaviors that they deem necessary to become acceptable social beings.
Relationship Between Norms and Values
Norms | Values |
Specific | General |
There may be misconception | Commanding |
Rules of behaving | Standard of desirability |
Represent the application of values | Point of reference for norms |
Example: the norm, “a teacher must not exhibit favoritism among students,” may involve the value of equality, honesty, and humanitarianism. | Example: the value of “equality” may enter into norms for relationships between two people. |
| Values provide justification for accepting or rejecting norms. |
Social Organizations
The pattern of individual and group relations resulting from social interactions
Social Group
People who share an enduring interaction and relationship resulting in similarities in values, beliefs, lifestyle, and attitudes.
Commonality established in social groups is a sense of belongingness
What isn’t a Social Group
Aggregate
Possesses physical proximity but does not have enduring social interaction
Category
People who have common traits or interest but does aren’t together physically nor interact
Primary Groups
Small tightly knit groups that have personal lasting relationships
Has more commonalities and a high sense of group identity and loyalty
Ex. Family
Charles Horton Cooley
Introduced the concept of primary groups
Believed that these groups mold individuals and prepare them for society
Secondary Groups
Large groups with impersonal relationships
No sense of group identity that only exist to accomplish a goal
Ex. Coworkers
In-Group
Social group that a person identifies with and feels they belong to
Loyal to each other and feel superior to out-group members
In-Group Favoritism
People tend to favor members of a group they identify with
Often stereotypes and prejudices against nonmembers
Out-Group
Social group a person does not identify with nor belong to
Power
Has the ability to influence how society views out-group members
Intergroup Aggression
Acts that intend to harm out-group members
Social Comparison Theory
Humans naturally evaluate themselves so they use their social groups as reference
Reference Group
The term came from Herbert Hyman
A group an individual compares themselves to to evaluate their own attitude, beliefs, and behavior.
One can change their reference group depending on their stage in life
Anticipatory Socialization
When an individual is used as an out-group for reference by someone who wants to be part of the group
Ex. Student who wants to be a Doctor
Types of Reference Groups
Positive Reference
Groups whose norms are referenced because an individual wants to be part of it
Negative Reference
Groups whose norms are avoided because individuals don’t want to be part of it
Network
Structure of social actors connected by weak social ties
Vary in size, form, and relationship
Concept of Common Good
Using the internet users can form connections with social actors worldwide
Importance of Networks
Networks come with cultural and economic benefits or social capital
Looking-Glass Self Theory
Charles Horton Cooley’s theory
An individual’s idea of themselves is influenced by how they believe other people perceive them
