westward expansion

• July 1845 Manifest destiny was given to us

  • to posses the whole continent from sea to sea (Atlantic → pacific)

  • who gave them this? God

    • Articulated what Americans felt

needed more access to natural resources

• California Gold Rush is an ex.

• New economic and homestead

Preemption act

• available for cheap, more for middle class

Religious refuge

• Mormons fled Midwest due to persecution

James K. Polk

• believer of manifest destiny

  • wanted to add Texas and Oregon to America

• Alamo, America lost as every one of them were killed

• Battle of San Jacinto, capturing the Mexican general

  • forced them to sign a treaty for the Texans can get the land

• Texas claimed their independence

  • NOT ACTUALLY INDEPENDENT, THE MEXICAN KING DID NOT SIGN IT.

    • 2 president were not sure to accept as it can cost a war, leaving them to linger

• Oregon territory

  • America claimed it was their due to desire to have it, while it was British

John Tyler

• used the last months of his presidency to gain those territories (mainly Texas) as part of US

• leads the US to war

Mexican America in war

• James K. Polk started his presidency getting Texas in the Union, causing rivalry with the Mexicans

  • John Slidell went to the Mexican government to sell more land to US such as New Mexico and California

• Set a border with the Mexicans, as they both had different views where the border would be at

  • He set America in troops, causing 11 Americans dead

• Winfield Scott occupied New Mexico city, and won.

Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

• established the Rio grand and the southern border

• outlined a deal called the Mexican Cession

  • gave California and New Mexico to US for 15 million dollars

Garden Purchase

• lost more than half of its territory to the US

1846

David Wilmot

• Wilmot Proviso (Could be one of the first steps that leads America into the Civil War)

  • proposed that any land conquered during the Mexican and American war would be off limit for the expansion of slavery

    • set down, did not happen

• Was set as free soil

Mast majority was Mexicans and Indians living there

• Mexicans were deemed Americans, giving them citizenship

• Indians living there wouldn’t have a chance to citizenship

Slavery Issue (3 positions)

• Southern Position

  • Argued that slavery was a constitutional right

  • Argued that the Missouri compromise had already decided if they should be a free or slave state

• Free soil movement

  • composed of northern demo and Whigs

  • wanted new territories acquired to be the demoniion of free laborers

• Popular sovereignty

  • wanted people living in each territory should decide it for themselves

California and Mexico entered as a free state, which slave states were upset due to having no perfect balance, not making them equal.

Henry Clay

• proposed the compromise of 1850

  • Mexican cession divided into Utah and New Mexico territories and would practice popular sovereignty

  • California is a free state

  • slave trade banned in Washing D.C

  • Stricter fugitive slave law

    • Fugitive slave law grew the tension

Abolitionist

• Did not want slavery at all

  • minority in northern region

    • influential group

Uncle Toms Cabin

• depicted the dehumanization in slavery

  • south would ban this book

Underground railroad

• People who were enslaved in the south would travel to freedom

  • to be out of fugitive slave law

John Brown

• Abolitionist

  • beloved that there should be a slave uprising

  • raid at Herpers Ferry

• John Brown plan was unsuccessful, and got hanged

  • Had many connections with northerners

  • gave inspiration to the northers

Kansas Nebraska act

• Stephen Douglas proposed that the territory would be in two parts

  • decided by popular sovereignty

    • Everyone would riot to gain control of this state

• Bleeding Kansas occurred

Franklin Pierce

• recognize as pro slavery gov. as legit while antislavery at fraud

Dred Scott decision

• Enslaved man who lived in Missouri, moved in Wisconsin

  • he sued the white man who owned him

    • Roger Taney was against Scott argument

      • stating…

        • Dred Scott is a slave not a citizen, having no right to sue

        • Constitution can not deprive any citizen of property

          • Slave owners could take slaves anywhere without being deprived of their “property”

Whig Party

• Cotton whigs

  • Pro slavery

• Conscience Whigs

  • Antislavery

Republican Party

• members of the know nothing party

• abolitionist

• free soil-ers

• conscience whigs

  • argued that new states should not be slave states

1860 election

• Stephen Douglas

  • demo nominated him

• Abraham Lincoln

  • rep nominated him

    • ran a free soil movement

  • won 40% of the vote, but not from the southern states

    • showed south did not have much power

Democratic fraction

• represented Stephen Douglas

  • wanted slavery question answered by popular sovereignty

Southern Democrats

• represented by John Breckenridge

• wanted slavery in new territories

Confederate states of America

• limited fed. power

• was to show that slavery would NEVER be abolished

South Secede

• S.C

  • Party will take possession of the government

  • south should be excluded from common territory

  • war must be waged against slavery

• Mississippi

  • due to slavery

CIVIL WAR

South

• fought off a defensive war

• possessed for greater and more experienced military leader

North

• great population

• possessed a robust navy

• economic advantage (aka banks)

• well established central gov.

Fort Sumter

• located in s.c

  • s.c. cut off supply lines to the fort

  • blew up the supply lines

Anaconda plan

• heavily relied on the naval advantages

Emancipation Proclomation

• freed all enslaved people in 1863

  • only in the states that were in act of rebellion

    • used this to escape to freedom, or even helped in war

    • cut off European (due to them buying cotton from southerners)

  • didn’t free slaves in border states

Battle of Vicksburg

• was the main one which assured the Unions victory

Gettysburg Address

• Unify the nation

• portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment

Reconstruction

• did not lead the south to leave

  • ten-percent plan

    • if a state was to return to union if 10% pledged loyalty

      • very easy to join back

    • had to ratify the Thirteenth amendment

• Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln was assassinated

  • carried Lincoln plan

Black codes

• restricted freedom, forcing them to work for low wages, did not allow them to have a speech

Radical Republicans

• took damage

• hated Johnson

• wanted reconstruction to be led by the Congress

Freedmen’s Bureau

• help set up free slaves to get back on thee free

  • get them back in contact with their families

Civil rights act of 1866

• gave them equal protection

14th amendment

• all those born or naturalized in the US are citizens, which all need equal protection

tenure of office act

• illegal for the president to fire someone from their cabin w.o approval of Congress

15th amendment

• voting rights to newly freed blacks

  • did not recognize women

    • women were upset

• National Women Suffrage Association

  • fought for women to vote, disliked 15th amendment as it did not add them

• American Woman Suffrage Association

  • liked the 15th amendment, supported it

Sharecropping

• had a contract to bound black men to bound them to work on the plantations

  • gave the owners to own them, same as slavery

White supremacy

• KKK started

  • founded 1867

  • burned buildings, lynched black folks

1877 (end)

Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes

• Tilden won majority

  • both did not win electoral votes

Compromise of 1887

• agreed to concede elections to Hayden (demo)

• rep. agreed for removal of federal troops