Chapter 40: The Nervous System

1.

Question: Nervous System evolution Answer: Species-specific ability to integrate information.

2.

Question: Increase in the size and complexity of the human brain leads to Answer: Increased cognitive and mental ability.

3.

Question: Neural circuit motifs Answer:

◦

Feedforward excitation.

◦

Feedback excitation.

◦

Feedback inhibition.

4.

Question: Invasive techniques for investigating nervous system function Answer:

◦

Using fine-tipped microelectrodes to record action potentials.

◦

Electric current can be passed through microelectrodes to simulate stroke.

5.

Question: Single-cell analysis Answer: Produces a topographic map.

6.

Question: Single-unit analysis Answer: Measures a sensory neuron’s receptive field.

7.

Question: Non-invasive techniques Answer: fMRI – functional magnetic resonance imaging.

8.

Question: fMRI relies on Answer: Hemoglobin in blood distorts the magnetic resonance properties of hydrogen nuclei

9.

Question: PET scan Answer: Uses radioactive tracers attached to glucose injected into the bloodstream.

10.

Question: Why is PET less commonly used? Answer: Because of exposure to radioactive material.

11.

Question: Nerve nets Answer: Cnidarians (sea anemone).

12.

Question: Nerve ring Answer: Echinoderms (sea star).

13.

Question: Ganglion pair + longitudinal nerve cord Answer: Planarians (Dugesia).

14.

Question: Dorsal ganglia + ventral ganglia + ganglion pairs in body segments Answer: Arthropods.

15.

Question: Lobed brain + ganglia associated with internal organs Answer: Cephalopods (largest invertebrate brain).

16.

Question: Central nervous system (CNS) Answer: brain and spinal cord.

17.

Question: Peripheral nervous system Answer: All nervous tissue outside of the CNS.

18.

Question: Pairs of cranial nerves Answer: 12

19.

Question: Pairs of spinal nerves Answer: 31

20.

Question: Afferent division Answer: sensory

21.

Question: Integration center Answer: CNS

22.

Question: Efferent division Answer: motor

23.

Question: Somatic nervous system Answer: skeletal muscles (voluntary)

24.

Question: Autonomic nervous system Answer: Visceral motor (involuntary) – smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands.

25.

Question: Sympathetic division Answer: fight or flight responses.

26.

Question: Parasympathetic division Answer: rest and digest

27.

Question: Prosencephalon Answer: Forebrain

28.

Question: Mesencephalon Answer: midbrain

29.

Question: Rhombencephalon Answer: Hindbrain

30.

Question: Telencephalon Answer: Cerebrum

31.

Question: Diencephalon Answer: Thalamus, Hypothalamus

32.

Question: Metencephalon Answer: Pons, cerebellum

33.

Question: Myelencephalon Answer: Medulla oblongata

34.

Question: Major brain regions Answer:

◦

Cerebrum

◦

Cerebellum

◦

Diencephalon

◦

Brain stem

35.

Question: Gray matter regions Answer: nerve cell bodies and dendrites

36.

Question: White matter regions Answer: myelinated axons

37.

Question: Cerebrum Answer: the largest part of the brain

38.

Question: Surface area of the brain is increased by Answer: convolutions or folding

39.

Question: Gyri (plu.); gyrus (sing.) Answer: raised regions

40.

Question: Sulci (plu.); sulcus (sing.) Answer: shallow grooves

41.

Question: Fissures Answer: deeper grooves

◦

Longitudinal fissure

◦

Lateral fissure

42.

Question: The lobes of the cerebrum Answer: Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

43.

Question: Frontal lobe functions Answer: Abstract and conscious thoughts, declarative and explicit memory, mood, motivation, decision making, planning, speech production, judgement of behavior, voluntary motor control

44.

Question: Parietal lobe functions Answer: somatosensory processing, visuospatial processing, navigation

45.

Question: Temporal lobe functions Answer: Hearing, olfaction, grammar and vocabulary, forming long term memory

46.

Question: Occipital lobe functions Answer: Visual center

47.

Question: Basal nuclei functions Answer: subconscious adjustment and refinement of voluntary motor commands

48.

Question: The limbic system Answer: Emotional brain

49.

Question: Amygdala Answer: negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, aggression

50.

Question: The brainstem Answer: Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

51.

Question: Midbrain Answer: processes visual and auditory information

52.

Question: Spinal cord Answer: Relay signals from the PNS to the brain and vice versa.

53.

Question: Dorsal gray matter Answer: integrates sensory inputs

54.

Question: Ventral gray matter Answer: contains motor neurons

55.

Question: Components of the reflex arc Answer: Sensory receptor – afferent sensory neuron – inter neurons – efferent motor neuron – effector.

56.

Question: Patellar tendon reflex Answer: example for a monosynaptic reflex

57.

Question: Human consciousness is measured using Answer: electroencephalogram or EEG

58.

Question: Alfa waves Answer: Produced during resting with eyes closed.

59.

Question: Beta waves Answer: fully awake and alert.

60.

Question: Cerebellum function Answer: allowing you to do repeated work.

61.

Question: Arbor Vitae Answer: The pattern of white matter in the cerebellum

62.

Question: Lesions in Broca's area affect Answer: Speech production

63.

Question: Lesions in Wernicke's area affect Answer: Language comprehension

64.

Question: Spinal cord location Answer: Vertebral cavity

65.

Question: What is the primary purpose of feedback inhibition in neural circuits? Answer: B) To prevent overexcitation

66.

Question: What is unique about the arthropod nervous system compared to other invertebrates? Answer: Arthropods (e.g., insects) have a head region that contains a brain consisting of Dorsal and ventral ganglia pairs & Major sensory structures (e.g., eyes, antennae)

67.

Question: Ganglia are collections of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. True or False? Answer: True.

68.

Question: What are cell bodies called outside the CNS? Answer: Ganglia

69.

Question: What sensory system in the human body is an example of feedforward excitation? Answer: In the vision system

70.

Question: B) Left hemisphere, right hemisphere Answer: C) Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla

71.

Question: What is the function of the blood-brain BBB? Answer: B) To protect the brain from harmful substances and pathogens

72.

Question: Which lobe is responsible for processing auditory information? Answer: D) Temporal lobe

73.

Question: What is responsible for the immediate reflexive responses to a loud unexpected noise Answer: C) Midbrain

74.

Question: Region A: Answer: Cerebral cortex grey matter.

75.

Question: Region B: Answer: Cerebral cortex white matter

76.

Question: Structure C: Answer: Thalamus

77.

Question: Structure D: Answer: Ventricles

78.

Question: Name an effect of damage to the Wernicke’s Area Answer: difficulty in comprehending language

79.

Question: When an individual is fully awake, the EEG records a pattern of Answer: rapid, irregular beta waves.

80.

Question: With mind at rest and eyes closed, the EEG records Answer: slower and more regular alpha waves.

81.

Question: As drowsiness and light sleep come on, the EEG records Answer: theta waves

82.

Question: In deep sleep, the EEG shows Answer: even slower delta waves

83.

Question: Neural Circuits Answer: integrate sensory information and formulate appropriate motor responses

84.

Question: Feedforward Excitation Answer: The most common form of neural circuit

85.

Question: Feedback excitation Answer: Amplifies the effects of the neurons in the first place

86.

Question: Feedback inhibition Answer: prevents the neural circuits from getting overexcited

87.

Question: Investigating Neural Integration Answer: Record neuronal activity. Block or stimulate activity in specific brain regions. Trace the axonal connections between one brain region and others

88.

Question: Blood-brain barrier Answer: Prevents most substances in blood from entering the cerebrospinal fluid

89.

Question: The hypothalamus regulates Answer: basic homeostatic functions of the body, both consciously and unconsciously

90.

Question: Limbic System functions Answer: Establishing emotional states

91.

Question: Brain Stem Answer: Connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain

92.

Question: The Spinal Cord Answer: relays information from the PNS to the CNS

93.

Question: Thalamus Answer: the traffic roundabout

94.

Question: The brain is protected by Answer: Three layers of connective tissue, the meninges

95.

Question: The three layers of meninges are Answer: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

96.

Question: Cerebrospinal fluid function Answer: cushions the brain and spinal cord against physical shock and provides nourishment

97.

Question: The brain's primary energy source is Answer: glucose

98.

Question: The sympathetic nervous system is also known as Answer: fight or flight system

99.

Question: The parasympathetic nervous system is also known as Answer: resting and digesting system

100.

Question: The cerebrum is divided into two Answer: hemispheres, the right and left cerebral hemispheres

101.

Question: The cerebral hemispheres are connected by Answer: corpus callosum

102.

Question: The cerebral cortex is responsible for Answer: higher mental functions, sensory perception, and voluntary motor control

103.

Question: The thalamus acts as a Answer: relay station for sensory information

104.

Question: The hypothalamus regulates Answer: body temperature, hunger, thirst, and the endocrine system

105.

Question: The midbrain is responsible for Answer: visual and auditory reflexes

106.

Question: The pons acts as a Answer: bridge between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

107.

Question: The medulla oblongata controls Answer: vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

108.

Question: The cerebellum coordinates Answer: voluntary movements and balance

109.

Question: The limbic system is involved in Answer: emotions, memory, and motivation

110.

Question: The hippocampus is important for Answer: memory formation

111.

Question: The amygdala processes Answer: emotions, especially fear and aggression

112.

Question: The spinal cord transmits Answer: signals between the brain and the peripheral nervous system

113.

Question: Sensory neurons carry Answer: afferent signals from the body to the brain

114.

Question: Motor neurons carry Answer: efferent signals from the brain to the body

115.

Question: Interneurons Answer: connect sensory and motor neurons within the spinal cord

116.

Question: Reflexes are Answer: involuntary and rapid responses to stimuli

117.

Question: The primary motor cortex controls Answer: voluntary movements

118.

Question: The primary somatosensory cortex receives Answer: sensory information from the body

119.

Question: Wernicke's area is responsible for Answer: language comprehension

120.

Question: Broca's area is responsible for Answer: speech production

121.

Question: The prefrontal cortex is involved in Answer: planning, decision-making, and personality

122.

Question: The brainstem consists of what three regions? Answer: The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

123.

Question: Feedforward Inhibition Answer: turning down the action or turning down the neuron of impulse

124.

Question: What is the difference between the nervous systems of invertebrates vs. vertebrates? Answer: Vertebrate system is located on the dorsal aspect, while invertebrate is located on the ventral aspect

125.

Question: Rapid Eye Movement Answer: Is when dreams occur during sleep

126.

Question: Dorsal Root Answer: Ascending pathway for sensory information