Untitled Flashcards Set

Chapter 1: Basic Terms & Concepts

• Directional Terms – Words used to describe positions of body parts (e.g., anterior = front, posterior = back).

• Axis of Rotation – An imaginary line around which a body part moves (e.g., shoulder rotates around a vertical axis).

• Body Planes – Imaginary flat surfaces dividing the body (sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes).

• Anatomical Position – Standard posture where a person stands upright, facing forward with arms at their sides and palms facing outward.

• Kinetic Chain – The concept that body segments are connected and movement in one affects others.

• Open vs Closed Chain –

  • Open chain: The distal part moves freely (e.g., bicep curl).

  • Closed chain: The distal part is fixed (e.g., squat).

• Uniaxial, Biaxial – Describes joint movement:

  • Uniaxial: Movement in one plane (e.g., elbow).

  • Biaxial: Movement in two planes (e.g., wrist).

• Kinesiology – The study of human movement.

• Biomechanics – The study of forces acting on the body during movement.

• Kinetics – The study of forces that cause motion.

• Mechanics – The study of motion and how forces affect it.

• Gait – A person’s way of walking.

• Hypermobile – When a joint moves beyond its normal range of motion.

Chapter 2: Forces & Motion

• Statics and Dynamics –

  • Statics: Study of forces in non-moving systems.

  • Dynamics: Study of forces in moving systems.

• Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion –

  1. Inertia – An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by a force.

  2. Acceleration – Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma).

  3. Action-Reaction – For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• Push/Pull Force – Basic forces that cause movement in objects or body parts.

• Center of Gravity – The point where body weight is evenly distributed.

• Gravity – The force that pulls objects toward the earth.

• Friction – The force that resists movement between two surfaces.

• Levers, Pulleys, Incline Plane –

  • Levers: Rigid structures that pivot around a point.

  • Pulleys: Used to change direction of force.

  • Incline Plane: A sloped surface that reduces effort needed to move objects.

• 3 Types of Levers –

  1. First-Class – Fulcrum in the middle (e.g., seesaw).

  2. Second-Class – Resistance in the middle (e.g., wheelbarrow).

  3. Third-Class – Effort in the middle (e.g., bicep curl).

• Linear Force – Forces acting in the same straight line.

• Parallel Force – Forces acting in the same plane but at different points.

• Force Couple – Two forces acting in opposite directions to create rotation.

• Concurrent Forces – Two forces acting at different angles but working together.

• Traction – A force that pulls or stretches a body part.

• Compression – A force that squeezes or pushes parts together.

• Bending – A force that causes a structure to curve.

• Shear – A force that causes layers of a structure to slide past each other.

• Torsion – A force that twists a structure.

• Torque – A force that creates rotation.

• Angle of Force – The angle at which a force is applied, affecting movement efficiency.

Chapter 3: Joints & Motion

• 2 Types of Joints –

  1. Synarthrosis (immovable)

  2. Diarthrosis (freely movable)

• 3 Types of Cartilage –

  1. Hyaline (covers joints)

  2. Fibrocartilage (shock absorption)

  3. Elastic (flexibility, found in ears/nose)

• Synarthrosis (3 Types) –

  1. Suture (skull)

  2. Syndesmosis (ligament connection, e.g., tibia-fibula)

  3. Gomphosis (teeth)

• Different Types of End Feel –

  • Hard (bone-on-bone)

  • Soft (tissue stops movement)

  • Firm (ligament or muscle resistance)

• Diarthrodial Joint – A freely movable joint (e.g., shoulder).

• Concave/Convex Relationship – Describes how joint surfaces move relative to each other.

• Uniaxial, Biaxial, Triaxial Joints –

  • Uniaxial: One plane of motion (e.g., elbow).

  • Biaxial: Two planes of motion (e.g., wrist).

  • Triaxial: Three planes of motion (e.g., shoulder).

• 3 Types of Joints –

  1. Fibrous (immovable)

  2. Cartilaginous (slightly movable)

  3. Synovial (freely movable)

• Joint Structure – Components that make up a joint (bones, cartilage, ligaments, synovial fluid).

• 3 Types of Arthrokinematic Motion –

  1. Roll – Movement where one bone rolls on another.

  2. Spin – A bone rotates around a fixed axis.

  3. Glide – A bone slides along another surface.

• Cartilage – A connective tissue that cushions joints.

• Common Joint Pathologies – Includes arthritis, dislocations, sprains, and bursitis.

• Arthrokinematics – Small joint movements such as roll, spin, and glide.

• Roll, Spin, Glide – Types of joint movement.

• Osteokinematics – Large joint movements like flexion and extension.