• Definition: The stage of mitosis or meiosis where sister chromatids (mitosis) or homologous chromosomes (meiosis I) are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

• Term: Anaphase

2.

• Definition: A protein complex that triggers the separation of sister chromatids by marking key proteins for degradation during anaphase.

• Term: Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC)

3.

• Definition: A radial array of microtubules that forms around each centrosome during mitosis in animal cells, helping position the spindle apparatus.

• Term: Aster

4.

• Definition: A form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

• Term: Binary Fission

5.

• Definition: A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division due to the failure of normal cell cycle regulation.

• Term: Cancer

6.

• Definition: The series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells.

• Term: Cell Cycle

7.

• Definition: A structure formed during cytokinesis in plant cells that develops into a new cell wall, dividing the two daughter cells.

• Term: Cell Plate

8.

• Definition: The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined and where the kinetochore attaches during cell division.

• Term: Centromere

9.

• Definition: The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes, typically uncondensed during interphase.

• Term: Chromatin

10.

• Definition: The indentation of the cell's surface during cytokinesis in animal cells, which eventually pinches the cell into two.

• Term: Cleavage Furrow

11.

• Definition: A protein complex that helps condense chromosomes into their compact, X-shaped form during mitosis and meiosis.

• Term: Condensin

12.

• Definition: A protein complex that holds sister chromatids together until they are separated during anaphase.

• Term: Cohesin

13.

• Definition: Regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).

• Term: Cyclins

14.

• Definition: Enzymes that, when combined with cyclins, phosphorylate target proteins to regulate the cell cycle.

• Term: Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (Cdk)

15.

• Definition: The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis, resulting in two daughter cells.

• Term: Cytokinesis

16.

• Definition: A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n), typical of somatic cells.

• Term: Diploid

17.

• Definition: A loosely packed form of chromatin that is transcriptionally active, allowing gene expression.

• Term: Euchromatin

18.

• Definition: A protein involved in bacterial cell division, forming a ring at the site of division and assisting in septation.

• Term: FtsZ Protein

19.

• Definition: A resting phase of the cell cycle where the cell is not actively preparing to divide and performs its regular functions.

• Term: G0 Phase

20.

• Definition: The first growth phase of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows and performs its normal functions before DNA replication.

• Term: G1 (Gap 1) Phase

21.

• Definition: A checkpoint in the cell cycle that assesses whether the cell has sufficient size and energy to proceed to DNA replication in the S phase.

• Term: G1/S Checkpoint

22.

• Definition: The second growth phase of the cell cycle, after DNA replication, where the cell prepares for mitosis.

• Term: G2 (Gap 2) Phase

23.

• Definition: A checkpoint in the cell cycle that ensures the cell is ready to enter mitosis, checking for proper DNA replication and damage repair.

• Term: G2/M Checkpoint

24.

• Definition: A cell with only one set of chromosomes (n), typically found in gametes like sperm and egg cells.

• Term: Haploid

25.

• Definition: A tightly packed form of chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive, typically located at the chromosome’s centromeres and telomeres.

• Term: Heterochromatin

26.

• Definition: Positively charged proteins around which DNA winds to form nucleosomes, helping to package DNA into chromatin.

• Term: Histone Proteins

27.

• Definition: Pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that are similar in structure and carry genes for the same traits.

• Term: Homologous Chromosomes

28.

• Definition: One of a pair of homologous chromosomes.

• Term: Homologue

29.

• Definition: The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis, encompassing G1, S, and G2 phases.

• Term: Interphase

30.

• Definition: The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell, typically used for chromosomal analysis.

• Term: Karyotype

31.

• Definition: A protein complex located at the centromere of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.

• Term: Kinetochore

32.

• Definition: A complex of cyclin and Cdk that triggers the cell's entry into mitosis from the G2 phase.

• Term: M-Phase Promoting Factor (MPF)

33.

• Definition: Another term for M-phase promoting factor (MPF), which initiates mitosis by phosphorylating key proteins.

• Term: Maturation-Promoting Factor

34.

• Definition: The phase of mitosis or meiosis where chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate in preparation for separation.

• Term: Metaphase

35.

• Definition: A process of cell division where a single cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

• Term: Mitosis

36.

• Definition: The basic unit of chromatin, consisting of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins.

• Term: Nucleosome

37.

• Definition: Mutated proto-oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth and can lead to cancer.

• Term: Oncogenes

38.

• Definition: A tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle and triggers apoptosis if DNA damage is detected.

• Term: P53 Protein

39.

• Definition: A signaling molecule that stimulates cell division and healing, particularly in wound repair.

• Term: Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

40.

• Definition: The phase of mitosis where the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.

• Term: Prometaphase

41.

• Definition: The first phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense, and the spindle apparatus begins to form.

• Term: Prophase

42.

• Definition: Normal genes that promote cell division; when mutated, they can become oncogenes and lead to cancer.

• Term: Proto-Oncogenes

43.

• Definition: A protein involved in cell signaling pathways that regulate cell growth; mutations in Ras can lead to cancer.

• Term: Ras Protein

44.

• Definition: The process in which a septum forms between two dividing bacterial cells, leading to their separation.

• Term: Septation

45.

• Definition: A dividing wall or membrane that separates two newly forming bacterial cells after division.

• Term: Septum

46.

• Definition: Identical copies of a chromosome, connected by a centromere, that are created during DNA replication.

• Term: Sister Chromatids

47.

• Definition: The phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated, resulting in two sister chromatids for each chromosome.

• Term: S (Synthesis) Phase

48.

• Definition: A structure made of microtubules that helps separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

• Term: Spindle Apparatus

49.

• Definition: The final phase of mitosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by newly reformed nuclear envelopes.

• Term: Telophase

50.

• Definition: Regions of chromatin that interact more frequently with each other than with other regions, helping regulate gene expression.

• Term: Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)

51.

• Definition: Genes that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth by regulating the cell cycle; mutations can lead to cancer.

• Term: Tumor Suppressor Genes